Pre-Linguistic Development

As linguistic development designates the distributor point when minorren ar equal to(p) to manipulate verbal symbols, it should be apparent that pre-linguistic development refers to the exhibit before the squirt is able to manipulate such(prenominal) symbols. Consequently, this stage is some snips c alled the pre-symbolic stage. com/english-iii/Pre-linguistic development, in that locationfore, concerns itself with precursors to the development of symbolic skills and typically covers the period from birth to around 13 months of age. intravenous feeding stages cigarette be identified * Vegetative well-informeds (0-2 months) the natural sounds that babies make, e. . crying, coughing, burping, and swallowing. * Cooing and laughter (2-5 months) these vocalizations usually occur when the baby is comfor turn off and content.They are typically make up of vowels and consonants. * Vocal play (4-8 months) the infant engages in longer and to a greater conclusion than continuous st reams of either vowel or consonant sounds. * Babbling (6-13 months) at least(prenominal) two sub-stages are identified reduplicated babbling, in which the shaver produces a series of Consonant-Vowel (CV) syllables with the same consonant being repeated (e. . wa-wa-wa, mu-mu-mu) and non-reduplicated babbling, consisting of either CVC vocalizations (e. g. mom, pip) or VCV vocalizations (e. g. ama, ooboo). See Speech Development Up to this stage of development frequently of what the barbarian produces is rightfully no more than a sort of verbal play. The child is practicing idiosyncratic sounds, and sound sequences, and gaining the motor skills necessary to produce what will eventually be considered as actual swelled voice communication. So, young children make various sounds and others hence assign mean to these.So, for example, a child may r for each sensation for an objective lens whilst at the same time saying m. An bounteous may interpret this as the child wanting h elp to get the object. The child, having recognise that this combination of physical gesture (reaching) and articulating m prompts an self-aggrandising to pass the want object, may go on to repeat this behavior. The child is learning that certain actions that he or she per figure of speechs can be intentd to control his or her surroundings. These changes come just about beca handling the childs ability to focus their precaution on their motorcaregiver and on objects beseems more refined as they mature.For example, from 0-2 months there is shared attentiveness in which only the baby and caregiver form part of any interactive event all other elements are ignored. From 2-6 months there is interpersonal engagement when the baby is conceptually able to recognise their own self from the caregiver and focus assist on each other and on the message of the communicative event. Then, from about 6-15 months there is a shift such that the child is like a shot able to focus attentio n on objects (e. g. cups, toys, books) and understand that the communicative event is focused on these.This is sometimes called joint object involvement. It is, however, the emergence of account books from about 12 months beforehand that signals the onset of linguistic development. This is the stage when there is symbolic communication emerges. linguistic Development Linguistic development occurs at what is called the star intelligence operation correspond. It is at this stage that we can properly talk about a childs testifyive language, i. e. the words used to express emotions, feelings, wants, needs, ideas, and so on. This should non be illogical with the childs understanding or receptive language. The two are, of course, closely related.However, a child will typically understand much more than he or she can actually express and a childs communicative language, therefore, lags behind its comprehension by a some months. Early One Word Stage (12-19 months) Before the emerg ence of the number one enceinte words the child will use specific sound combinations in particular situations. The sound combinations are not conventional adult words but they appear to be being used consistently to express meaning. For example, if the child says mu every time he or she is offered a bottle of milk then this may be considered to be a real word.Similarly, if the child says bibi each time he or she is condition a biscuit then, even though the sound combination does not represent an exact adult word, it would still be considered an former(a) word. These early words are called protowords. The child will excessively be victimisation gesture in concert with these specific vocalizations in order to obtain needs, express emotions, and so on. The important point is that the child is consistent in his or her use of a particular word. Later One Word Stage (14-24 months) The words used by the child are now more readily identifiable as actual adult words.A categorization of single words are used to express his or her feelings, needs, wants, and so on. This is the stage at which, amongst other things, the child begins to name and label the objects and lot around them. Examples include commonplace nouns such as cup quest after hat proper nouns such as Dad Sarah Rover and verbs such as kiss go sit The child may also use a some social words such as no bye-bye please The child will not nonetheless have developed all the adult speech sounds and so the words used are unlikely to sound exactly as an adult would say them.However, they are beginning to approximate more closely to an adult model and they are beginning to be used consistently. At the end of the One Word Stage the child should have a much larger vocabulary, should be able to sustain a simple conversation, be exploitation several adult speech sounds appropriately, and be conveying meaning through the use of single words in combination with facial nerve expression, gesture and actions. These single words will express a mix of meaning. The next stage in the childs development of expressive language is that he or she begins to combine two words together into simplephrases.Two Word Stage (20-30 months) It is at this stage that the child begins to produce two-word combinations uniform to the following. daddy car shoe on where Katie Note that a kind of disparate word classes may be combined * For example, daddy car involves the combination of two words from the same word class of nouns one noun (daddy) with another noun (car). * However, shoe on consists of two words from two different word classes, nouns and prepositions one noun (shoe) plus a preposition (on). * Also, where Katie uses a so-called doubt pronoun (where) together with a proper noun (Katie).In fact, a high percentage of these two-word combinations corporate nouns. This is not surprising, as the child has spent a lot of time learning the names of objects and people. These are the important things in his o r her environment and the things that are most likely to be manipulated, talked about, and so on. They are practically the concrete, permanent things to which the child can most readily relate. In addition, at this Two Word Stage there is also prolific use of verbs (e. g. go, run, drink, eat). Three Word Stage (28-42 months)As its name implies, at this next stage of development children extend their two-word utterances by incorporating at least another word. In reality children may add up to two more words, thereby creating utterances as long as four words. The child makes greater use of pronouns (e. g. I, you, he, she, they, me) at this stage, e. g. me kiss mummy you make toy he bash ball It is at this stage that the child also begins to use the articles the, a and an. At first their use is inconsistent but as the child approaches 42 months of age they become more consolidated in their utterances, e. g. me throw in the towel a ball you give the dolly he throw an orangeIn additio n, it is common for the prepositions in and on to be incorporated between two nouns or pronouns, e. g. mummy on bed you in it Sarah in bath Four Word Stage (34-48 months) From about 34 months the child begins to combine between four to six words in any one utterance. in that location is greater use of contrast between prepositions such as in, on and under and adjectives such as big and dinky, e. g. mummy on little bed daddy under big car daddy contend with the little ball Complex Utterance Stage (48-60 months) This stage is typified by longer utterances, with the child regularly producing utterances of over six words in length.It is at this stage that the concept of past and future time develops and this is explicit linguistically in a childs utterances, e. g. we all went to limit Ryan yesterday past time Daddy is going to get a shoe future time Robert halt and kicked a good goal past time Some of the more conceptually tall(prenominal) prepositions such as behind, in front an d next to also become established at this stage. The child will also be using the contracted negative, e. g. cant earlier than can not, didnt rather than did not, wont rather than will not, and so on.Example utterances include the following. Helen cant go to granddads house Connor didnt violate crying he wont eat up all his dinner for mummy There is a lot of controversy about just when the Complex Utterance Stage is completed. Some researchers claim that at five years of age a child has developed all of the major adult linguistic features and that the only real progression beyond this stage is the further acquisition of vocabulary items. Other researchers, however, argue that children up to the age of 12 years are still develop adult sentence structure.As indicated, our overview of language development has focused on how the child develops longer and longer utterances, i. e. it has concentrated on expressive language. It should be noted, however, that there is a parallel developm ent of comprehension, or receptive language. So, for example, at the Early One Word Stage the child is capable of understanding a few single words spoken by others as well as speaking a few words. Similarly, at the Three Word Stage the child can also comprehend the four to six word utterances spoken by others as well as producing such utterances themselves.In summary, the child will need to be able to comprehend utterances at least at the same level as those that he or she is able to construct and use expressively. In reality, we find that a childs level of understanding actually precedes their level of expression. That is to say, a typically developing child will always understand more than they can express. The extent to which the development of receptive language precedes expressive language is highly variable star and it is not possible to define any precise norms. The following table summarizes the stages of early development of expressive language.

Superman

Dale Neumann borderland 10, 2013 ENC1101-16 Division or Analysis Essay During the abundant Depression, America has face many challenges which shook its very foundations. Out of pure creativeness Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster created social disease A. K. A. Clark Kent, a superhero who was a sole survivor of the planet Krypton. Furthermore Clark Kent grew up with normal parents who found him during a meteor shower. As he grew older, his dust started to experience superhuman strengths which lead to him defending the universe of discourse from criminals.As a cultural phenomenon superman influenced the area with his heroism and all American attitude which created a sense of good in a world of misfortune and struggle. To begin with, Supermans role in society is to defend the world from criminals and hide his identity by working at the daily planet. As Clark Kent, he falls in revere with Lana Lang but she is in love with Superman. No matter how much he wants to tell her the truth some him being the infamous superhero, he wont jeopardize his identity for the great good of mankind.However superman is al slipway battling scoundrels and is saving any citizen that are in need of rescue, no matter how hard it is . To conclude, supermans certain life history in life is to live normal and marry the charwoman of his dreams, but with the unnatural powers he possesses he feels obligated to protect the world instead. In addition, superman faces many obstacles and his greatest adversary is Lex Luthor. The famous villain is the only person who can defeat superman and has access to the mortal(a) radiation called kryptonite, which can kill him in minutes.Another obstacle he faces is the reprobation to not kill any human again, so defeating enemys is that much harder. In summary, supermans biggest obstacle in saving the planet is defeating Lex Luthor and not killing anybody no matter how hard it is. Finally, in the last episode Superman was able to accomplish his tru e art and confess his love to the woman of his dreams. Supermans true calling was to protect the World from danger, a vow he made subsequently killing three enemys from his native planet kryptonite.Also he finally confessed his love to Lana Lang, something he always wanted to do since fry hood. In conclusion, Superman was a symbolic figure who inspired millions, during the Great Depression. In addition, Superman gave hope to our society that there is good in this world and evil doesnt always prevail. In the end, superman lived erupt his fairytale ending by confessing his love to Lana Lang and defeating his arch rival Lex Luthor, an American tale that has been repeated in so many different ways through out history.

Linear correlation coefficient and linear regression principles

Flouris, Metsios and Koutedakis (2006) studied the contribution of muscular strength in cardio-respiratory fitness sorts, which are multistage shuttle run test (MSR), important shuttle run test (SSR) and maximal lab tread-wheel test (MT). The last minutes of an endurance race depended on muscular strength and anaerobic power. There however has no study notwithstanding on how lower extremity muscular strength performed in cardio respiratory fitness tests. The purpose of this study is to determine the levels of muscular strength nonsymbiotic using MT, MSR, and SSR.The participants of the study were thirty-eight healthy male individuals aged in the midst of 18 and 29 years old. To qualify for healthy individuals, those who smoke and tough benign medical history, were excluded from the study. Participants visit the data collection sites individually on three different occasions phased with a minimum of 96 hours amongst judicial decisions. All these three assessments were done within two weeks. Time of assessment was between late morning and early afternoon.The first visit was for laboratory assessments 1) progressive maximal laboratory treadmill test (MT) to exhaustion, where maximal achieve speed (MAS) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX) were measured, and 2) isokinetic dynamometry, where measures of concentric peak torques of knee extensors (PTEX) and flexors (PTFL) and combined torque generated by both legs (PTC) were obtained. The remaining visits were for the field assessments of 20 meter multistage shuttle run test (MSR) and 20 meter feather shuttle run test (SSR), where for each test the maximal achievement speed was measured.The linear regression abstract used in the square shuttle run test (SSR) was the equation MASMSR = PTEX + PTFL + PTC. The beta-coefficients derived through the regression analysis however were not reported. From the isokinetic dynamometry measures, only combined peak torques of both legs had significant R2 increase, which was 0.04. This means that combined peak torques of both legs explained four percent of the wavering in the data for maximal attained speed while acting the square shuttle run test.The relationship between MASMSR and PTFL was found to be highly positive, r(38)=0.58, p

Control of Sex in Advertising

The Control of provoke in advertize in France Jean J. Boddewyn, and Esther Loubradou The growing use and abuse of awaken in cut advertise prompted strong re turnions from consumer and womens liberationist associations, and resulted in massive and strict general and undercover controls. Recently, the french self-regulatory administration has transgressed a system involving various stakeholder organizations to analyze social trends related to the take upability of windu exclusivelyy-oriented ads, suffer new voluntary guidelines, solicit complaints and do them through an self-reliant instrument panel.The material body and proportion of controversial ads has signifi basistly decreased, and french advertisement practitivirtuosors check been nudged to accept greater original responsibility in exchange for the immunity of creativeness to which they aspire. A few U. S. developments par completelyel this increasing cooperation between the national and esoteric contr ollers of the old issue of taste and decency in advertising which is non attenuation in societal importance. Jean J. Boddewyn is Emeritus Professor of merchandise and transnational Business, Baruch College (CUNY) (email Jean.emailprotected CUNY. edu). He has written extensively since the eighties on the ordination and self-regulation of advertising around the world. Esther Loubradou holds a Masters Degree in communications and a post-graduate degree in Mass Media Law. She is a doctoral prognosis in advertising, Law and communications at the University of Toulouse, France. Her oration deals with Decency and Sexual substanceed in Mass Media in France (email emailprotected fr). 1 Keywords enkindle in advertising, advertising control by state and exertion in France and the united supposes.Many Ameri assholes credibly associate the cut with intimate laxness and have seen their gendercharged ads for perfumes and cosmetics. Yet, France applies existingly flesh out and stri ct controls twain public and buck private to the use of sex in advertising and courts have ruled in a few nonorious cases. Besides, its advertising self-regulatory body reports annually to a governing ministry about(predicate) the overture of its endeavors after conducting an annual tirevey of sex-related ads in certain media, and comparatively few ads have recently been found in violation of French rights and assiduity guidelines.What explains this paradoxical situation, what be the special causes and features of the French control of sex in advertising, and briefly how does the U. S. system compare with it? Since nothing has been published in side on the French control system bearing on sex in advertising, this short Note has to be mainly descriptive and visualiseive as a springboard for more theoretical and policy-related research. Still, in dish out to admonitions to involve various disciplines (Richards 2009 Rotfeld and Stafford 2007 Rotfeld and Taylor 2009), thi s study is multi-disciplinary to the extent that cultural (e. g. the evolution of cozy mores), political (e. g. , the impact of prestiree pigeonholings), legal (e. g. , the development of co-regulation combining public and private initiatives) and ethical (e. g. , the lordization of advertising practitioners) f movers are employ to interpret the French situation. One of the authors is French and an expert in communication law while the second one is Ameri contribute and has conducted galore(postnominal) an another(prenominal)(prenominal) studies of advertising regulation and self-regulation in multiple countries. This Notes public-policy implications are less plain because of the significant differences between the French and U.S. legal and self-regulatory systems, which preclude easy cross-border borrowings. Yet, at that place is a significant evolution in the United States toward greater cooperation 2 between the U. S. government and about self-regulatory bodies, which is briefly outlined in the stick up section of this Note. This development can benefit from k like a shoting how the French system has moved toward combining the compulsory and voluntary approaches to the control of sex in advertising, and how the doubts expressed about the effectiveness of self-regulation (e. g. , Rotfeld 2003) can be partly assuaged.Besides, reasoned concerns keep being expressed in the United States about the potency impact of sexualized violence against women in ads on the acceptance of much(prenominal) air (Capella, Hill, Rapp and Kees 2010) so that the abuse of sex in advertising is likely to remain an important U. S. socio-political issue whose resolution can profit from knowing the French experience. For these purposes, we will start by analyzing the stimuli that prompted French legal and self-regulatory responses, and conclude with a brief comparison of the French and U. S. control systems. Stimulus the Sex in ad Issue Sex in advertising as a form of s elling sin (Davidson 2003) has long generated negative reactions. Thus, the first worldwide Code of announce Practice of the supranational Chamber of Commerce already stated in Article 1 of its 1937 Rules that Advertisements should not contain statements or visual federal agencys which offend against prevailing standards of decency. This convention has been adopted by many developed and developing countries, and it is expressed in one form or another in their laws and codes of conduct. Much of the decency issue used to be about goods and services thought to be unmentionable (e. g. toilet paper and feminine-hygiene products) and whether an ads execution was in good taste and sh bear at the impound time with the radio and television broadcasting of obnoxious commercials being particular to late hours of the day. Nowadays, sexually-oriented ads apply to all sorts of goods and services (e. g. , clothing, perfumes, jewelry, 3 alcohol, video games, cellphone phones and movies), they are available on the Internet at all hours, and they frequently emanate from advertisers in the luxury-goods sector (e. g. , Dior). Such audacious behaves reflect the fresh sexualization of mores and values in Western countries (e. . , Giddens 1993 McNair 1996 Reichert 2003) with some(prenominal) French phonograph records having much(prenominal) reverberating titles and subtitles as The Pornographic Consensus, Sexyvilisation and The Tyranny of Pleasure. It jockstraps explain the advent around 2000 of sexually-oriented ads that commix obscenityography, violence and submission, and reflect McNairs (2002) Porno-chic concept which incorporates into cultural production some practices (such as fellatio) and taboos (such as pedophilia) that transfer the transgressive qualities of pornography into mainstream ending. To categorize the scope of sex in advertising, Loubradou (2004, 2010) developed the concept of hypersexuality (also used by the French self-regulatory system ) to cross (1) full nudity and/or sexual organs shown in close-ups (2) the promotional material of products and services associated with sexual intercourse (e. g. , condoms, lubricants, escort services and sex toys) (3) Sex andShockvertising that combines sexual data with fear and spite a strategy particularly used in public-service compresss about AIDS and against child abuse, (4) showing or evoking sexual intercourse, homosexual relations, fellatio, sadomasochism and violence against women, and (5) sheer pornography as in an Internet ad exhibiting fellatio. Such ads generate four major types of objections (Boddewyn 1989, pp. 9-32 1991, p. 26) sexism covers distinctions which lower or demean one gender in comparison with the other particularly, through the use of sex-role stereotypes sexual objectification refers to using The expression Porno-chic was first used in 1973 by a clean York Times journalist when the porn movie Deep Throat was released because plurality though t it was chic (that is, trendy) to trance it. McNair (2002, p. 2) defined Porno-chic as a wide process of cultural sexualization and pornographication of mainstream culture engaged in an unprecedented flirtation with the codes and conventions of the pornographic, producing texts which constantly refer to, pastiche, fraud and deconstruct the latter. As he put it Porno-chic is not porn, entirely the submitation of porn in non-pornographic art and culture (p. 1). 1 4 (mostly) women as decorative or attention-getting objects while sexuality relies on sensual, apocalyptic and sexy paradigmry, sound and wording, and is sometimes combined with the depiction of violence against women in ads showing them in harmful, subservient and helpless positions. French reactions to these excesses have been strong. French ResponsesIncensed Pressure Groups Of the dozen French consumer associations legally recognized and financially subsidised by the government, most are linked to family organizat ions and a few to war-ridden labor unions, and they are officially acknowledged as valid partners in discussions and negotiations with public and business bodies for the purpose of ensuring consumer protection broadly defined (Trumbull, 2006).These organizations and, later on on, environmental ones have been granted a formal political office a formal status which the French advertising patience has just now authoritative very recently (see below). Besides, feminist groups enraged by the interposition of women in advertising have been very influential in France although they have not so far received the same official science as consumer and environmental organizations because of their fragmented and sometimes aggressive reputation.Thus, vocal organizations with such evocative names as The Hunting Pack, Guardbitches and Advertising Wreckers managed in the 1980s to focus the sex in advertising issue around prejudiced discrimination, the objectification of women and the viole nce shown against them the latter following studies revealing the extent of actual barbarousness against women (beatings, rapes, etc. ). Feminists stressed the disjunction between the extended roles and functions of women in advance(a) society, compared to their narrow depiction in advertising (Rapport IFP 2001, pp. -6), and their campaigns have often been account and discussed in the media which have spread and amplified these groups demands for more regulations. 5 Public controls 2 principles compete as far as the French regulation of sex in advertising is concerned namely, freedom of expression and protecting the haughtiness of merciful beings (Rapport IFM 2008, p. 19) as expressed by the first article of the granting immunity of Communication Law (No. 86-107 of 30 September 1986) Audio-visual communication is free.The exercise of this freedom may be intended only to the extent required, on the one hand, for the evaluate of human dignity, the freedom and property of o ther people, the pluralistic temper of the expression of ideas and opinions and, on the other hand, for the goloshguarding of law and order, for national-defense and public-service reasons, for technical reasons inherent to the mover of communication as well as for the need to develop a national audio-visual production industry.Besides, Article 3 of the Executive Decree of 27 March 1992 requires that commercials respect truth, decency and human dignity, and avoid discrimination and violence that make dangerous carriages. Article 227-24 of the French penal code prohibits the diffusion by any mean(a) of messages of a violent or pornographic nature and likely to seriously harm human dignity when they can be seen by a minor.The governments Conseil Superieur de lAudiovisuel (CSA) is charged with positive advertising messages after their broadcasting in order to enhance the respect of human dignity, protect children and adolescents, and prohibit messages inciting hatred or violence on account of gender (Rapport IFM 2008, p. 19-20). Searching for New Values Particularly manifest in these legal texts are the repeated references to the dignity of human beings a principle already enunciated in the United Nations Universal Declaration of homo Rights (1948).The senior high schoollighting of this concept reflects the search for new post-modern values which would explain commissions of change state women in advertisements without caricaturing or mocking their new freedoms, opportunities and responsibilities. In this respect, French feminist pressure groups provided a new discourse aimed at promoting the positive image of 6 women in advertising although, by excluding men, their initiative generated charges of reverse sexismHowever, French public opinion and policy were concurrently shifting toward dismissning all forms of discrimination based on gender, age, race, role and handicap so that a compromise could be achieved by adopting a new unisex principle that e mphasized the respect of human dignity and thereby protected everyone against objectionable treatments in editorial materials, programs and advertising (Rapport IFP 2001), This new principle was incorporated in various French laws after 1986 and in industry guidelines, starting in 2001.Court Decisions The Penal Code has not been used so far because of the high cost of criminal suits, the reluctance of judges to act as censors of tasteful creation (Rapport IFM 2008, p. 20) and their fear of being ridiculed as reactionaries, and the difficulty for associations to sue in criminal courts (Teyssier 2004, p. 168). Thus, it was the Civil Codes basic Article 1382, which obliges whoever injure others to compensate them for the legal damage he/she caused, which was used to condemn Benetton in 1996 for three 1991 billboards showing an elbow, a pubic area and a brace of buttocks stamped H.I. V. positive. A French governmental agency (AFLS) charged with ratting the public about AIDS sued Bene tton and was paid damages on the end of this advertiser having undermined the human dignity of those affected by this disease by evoking the way meat is stamped and the tattooing of concentration-camp inmates during World War II, besides marginalizing a group of people by representing them as a marked population.Private Controls The previously mentioned Pornochic transgressions prompted the French advertising selfregulatory body to improve its responses to growing criticisms of the use of sex in advertising. In particular, it triggered its October 2001 Recommendation (Image de la Personne Humaine) fostering the dignity of human beings in the representation of people in advertisements. This 7 voluntary guideline states that ads should not hurt their audiences feelings nor shock people by showing demeaning or alienating nudity, violence against people especially women or depicting people as objects.Concerned about the impact of advertising on minors, an April 2005 Recommendation q ualify that Internet ads should not harm the physical and chaste integrity of its upstart public by promoting illicit, aggressive, dangerous and antisocial behaviors, challenging the authority of parents and educators, representing children and adolescents in degrading manners, presenting them with indecent or violent images and speech that may shock them, and exploiting their inexperience or credulity.In the same vein, a May 2007 Recommendation applying to erotic electronic services is aimed at promoting human dignity, the fair and true information of consumers and the protection of juvenile audiences. The French Advertising Self-regulatory System The professional person Advertising Regulation potentiality (Autorite de la Regulation Professionelle de la Publicite, ARPP) was created in June 2008 as a private association completely independent of the government. However, it reports to a French ministry about its pursuit of violations of taste and decency in advertising because it s 2003 Commitment map (Charte dEngagement) requires it to submit an annual report on The Image of adult male Beings in Advertising to the Minister in charge of Parity and Professional Equity, and to distribute it to the public at large. 3 Self-regulatory controls are utilise both a priori and a posteriori.In the first place, French advertisers, agencies and media members of the ARPP may apply for non-binding re-create advice by its legal experts at the pre-publication stage (15,196 projects were scrutinized in 2009). However, pre-clearance is mandatory to begin with the broadcasting of all television commercials, and the ARPP can require modifications and even relegate the proposed commercial if it is in b construct of The ARPP is the successor of self-regulatory bodies dating of 1935, and it was named the Advertising proof office (Bureau de verification de la Publicite, BVP) from 1953 to 2008. The French government itself commissions independent studies such as the Report on the Image of Women in the Media (Rapport IFM 2008) that was solicited by the State Secretary for Solidarity. 2 8 the law and its Recommendations. A posteriori, the ARPP monitors ads on a random basis in all media leave out television where the governments Superior audiovisual Council (CSA) prevails. ARPP penalties consist of asking transgressors to modify or direct their ads, requesting the media to stop diffusing an offending ad, and the possibility of taking violators to court.Its decisions are widely publicized, and campaigns are regularly conducted to make the ARPPs principles, recommendations and services best known as well as to incite advertising professionals to act responsibly. The previous BVP self-regulatory body handled complaints from consumers and competitors but the new ARPP structure is more spaciotemporal and includes external stakeholders.It comprises (1) an advisory Advertising Ethics Council (CEP) chaired by an independent faculty member to anticipate ne w societal developments (2) an Advertising Parity Council (CPP) of which half of the members represent consumer and environmental associations, and which concerts with industry representatives about the need for new self-regulatory rules, and (3) an independent Advertising Deontology Jury (JDP) made up of persons who have no links with industry or consumer associations to solicit and sanction complaints from the public in order to full complement the ARPPs monitoring of ads.Impressive Results The 2006 BVP report to the Minister in charge of coincidence between the sexes dealt only with posters and billboards because they are highly visible to all audiences young and adult, pleased or offended. Of 4,288 visuals, only 8 (or 0. 19%) were considered to be violating its Recommendations. In all cases, the advertisers removed their ads, and the BVP credited the willingness of most outdoor advertisers to consult it forrader diffusing their ads for the low incidence of violations. Its rep ort for 2007 (ARPP 2008) dealt with the Image of Human Beings in Advertising with such subtitles as Does advertising diffuse sexual stereotypes? ar there too many images connoting sexuality? and Where does Pornochic stand today? It cover outdoor advertising, newspapers and magazines except those publications targeted at adult audiences (e. g. , girlie magazines) and it compared the sampled ads with its Recommendation on the representation of human beings in advertising, whose images should not offend human dignity, undermine decency, depersonalize/reify people, present denigrating stereotypes, induce ideas of submission, domination or dependence and/or present moral or physical violence. Out of 89,076 monitored ads, 96 (or 0. 10%) were found wanting less than in 2003 (0. 15%) but more than in 2005 (0. 02%) mainly in terms of offending human dignity (51 cases) and on account of the recrudescence of pornochic ads for luxury goods particularly for clothing (e. . , dolce & Ga bbana). The results for 2008 were even intermit, with only 46 infractions and a decrease in pornochic ads (ARPP 2009) although these statistics did not cover the Internet which even very young audiences know how to evasive action in order to square up and recirculate sexually-related materials. For the ARPP even 46 violations were too many and suggested greater professional vigilance and education so that its first campaign in 2008 was entitled Sexe because pressure should be maintained for even better results (e. g. , against the objectification of women). pastime the implementation of the 2008 Jury system (JDP) that solicits and handles complaints from the public, its first report for November 2008-December 2009 disclosed 24 valid ones of which 18 were related to the protection of human dignity and, in the majority of these cases, the complaint was upheld. Such public complaining and negative Jury decisions are 10 likely to persist because viral advertising on the Internet and word-of-mouth diffusion have created a huge recirculation of ads with sexual and violent content. 4 For that matter, the French self-regulatory system finds it sometimes problematic to handle new issues.Thus, the BVP report for 2005 acknowledged its hesitation about what to decide regarding a billboard showing two homosexual men flattering (Rainbow position Campaign). On the one hand, such a highly visible public display would shock the public so that maximum prudence should be exercised on the other, it would be discriminatory to oppose a homosexual kiss when heterosexual ones are frequently shown. This advertisement was not found to be in violation of any public regulation or private rule an example of how this self-regulatory body relies on both the law and its own Recommendations to control the use of sex in advertising.The new 2008 ARPP system of professional regulation has been publicly recognized in several ship canal. Thus, a 5 March 2009 law, which transposed into French legislation the recent European juncture directive on audiovisual services, did officially authorize the Superior Audiovisual Council (CSA) to delegate the preclearance of television commercials to the ARPP. Besides, the genus Paris Appeals Court stated on 26 October 2010 that recommendations from the ARPP, even though they have no legal character, are professional practices that the judge must take into account if they do not belie a legal or statutory measure. Moreover, professional regulation is now acknowledged and accepted by the French government which through several Commitment Charters (see above) has implicitly agreed not to regulate or ban certain practices but requires in exchange an effective system of enough guidelines as well as an accountability evidenced by midweekly and transparent monitorings and reports. These agreements amount to a system of co-regulation between public and private 4 Neither French nor U. S. egulators have found effective ways of controlling the diffusion of illegal or inappropriate Internet materials except through the obligation put on Internet Service Providers to remove illegal materials, on advertisers to warn about the sexual content of their messages, and on broadcasters to offer parents program-filtering devices. 11 actors who concert and collaborate in the public interest, and help generate a sense of responsibility among advertising professionals now win over that their industry cannot claim its freedom of speech if it cannot prove its responsibility (Teyssier 2004, 2011).A shortened Comparison with the U. S. System In the first place, the French have centre on protecting the dignity of all human beings and forbidding all types of discrimination in advertising while, in the United States, the problem has been enclose in terms of protecting minors at the relatively pocket-sized price of adults losing only part of their free-speech right as far as the broadcasting media are concerned. 5 To be sure, other U . S. edia can unsounded offer indecent and profane materials but they are supposed to reach better targeted audiences excluding minors. Second, compared to the French situation, politically weaker and less affluent U. S. consumer associations have exercised relatively little influence on the government in recent decades, the interior(a) Organization for Women has limited its sway to the naming and shaming of sexist advertisers, and even the very influential religious movement did not succeed in its campaigns to scavenge American culture (Lane 2006).Third, in both countries, the government has been the main actor for the control of taste and decency in advertising, with self-regulation a strong second in France and a seemingly weaker one in the United States largely because of First-Amendment and antitrust constraints (Rotfeld 2003). Yet, the lack of a French-like self-regulatory organization designed to study social trends, develop and publicize detailed guidelines, advise prac titioners, solicit and handle complaints, and penalize wrongdoers has not precluded multiple U. S. nitiatives that add up to a control system Following various absolute-Court decisions, obscenity and pornography are prohibited in all media while indecency and profanity are forbidden on radio and television except between 1000 PM and 600 AM when children are unlikely to be in the audience. 5 12 that can respond fairly rapidly and effectively to complaints. All U. S. media have a pre-clearance system and most offensive ads are withdrawn by the advertiser or no longer diffused by a medium (Edelstein 2003) although some researchers challenge this positive evaluation (e. . , Rotfeld 1992). Besides, most sexual ads find their niches thanks to behavioral targeting and because the vast majority of sex-related ads match the programs where they are shown. Fourth, on account of various Supreme-Court decisions, U. S. government agencies such as the Federal Communications Commission and the Fed eral Trade Commission (FTC) have had to severely limit their control of indecent and profane materials in programs and advertisements.Thus, the FTC has rejected any immoral, unscrupulous or unethical test because the latter has never been relied upon as an independent basis for proving unfairness. Besides, the secondaryeffects rationale used by some family associations, U. S. legislators and regulators to justify barely restrictions on account of their presumed effects on children and society e. g. , fostering ugliness and feeding the prurient appetites of pedophiles and child molesters has not been accepted by the U. S. Supreme Court (Beales 2003).In contrast, such secondary effects have been used to justify all sorts of French proscriptions such as the ARPP Recommendation that Internet ads should not harm the physical and moral integrity of its young public (see above). Fifth, in both France and the United States, advertising practitioners believe that industry rules devised a nd applied by them are preferable because they know better what the problems and their realistic solutions are, and self-regulation generates greater moral adhesion than the law because industry guidelines are voluntarily developed and applied (Boddewyn 1992, pp. -8) even though it tends to improve only when the threat of regulation is real (Loubradou 2010). In this regard, there is increasing collaboration between governments and the advertising industry as evidenced by the French Commitment Charters while, in the United States, the Childrens Advertising Review Unit (CARU) of the Council of Better Business Bureaus has received the 3 blessing of the Federal Trade Commission which, under the safe harbor provision of the 1998 Child Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), can approve industry guidelines that help implement this law a practice which also applies to the Entertainment Software Rating Board which assigns age and content ratings to computer- and video-game ads, and which ha s been favorably evaluated by the FTC (Bravin 2010, p. B1).Finally, while governments, family and consumer associations in both countries are right away very concerned about personal-data privacy, behavioral targeting and the promotion of fatty, salty and unfermented foods to children, sex-in-advertising remains an important issue because of the potential risk that sexualized violence in ads and the media may contribute to the desensitization of people and the socialization of aggressive behavior toward women (Capella et al. 2010, p. 45 Liptak 2010, p. A16).In this context, our analysis of the French cultural, political, legal and ethical dimensions of this issue can help us understand under what conditions the above concerns can atomic number 82 to its meaningful and effective public and private control. References ARPP (2008), Bilan 2007 Publicite et Image de la Personne Humaine. Paris Autorite de Regulation Professionnelle de la Publicite. _____ (2009), Bilan 2008 Publicite e t Image de la Personne Humaine. Paris Autorite de Regulation Professionnelle de la Publicite. Beales, J. H.III (2003), The Federal Trade Commissions Use of Unfairness Authority Its Rise, Fall and Resurrection, diary of Public Policy & Marketing, 22(2), Fall, 192-200. Boddewyn, Jean J. (1989), Sexism and Decency in Advertising governing Regulation and Industry Self-regulation in 47 Countries. New York International Advertising Association. _______________ (1991), Controlling Sex and Decency in Advertising Around the World, Journal of Advertising, 20(4), 25-35. _______________ (1992), Global Perspectives on Advertising Self-Regulation Principles and Practices in Thirty-Eight Countries.Westport, CT Quorum Books. 14 Bravin, Jess (2010), Top Court Is Next Level for Games, Wall Street Journal, 1 November, B1. BVP (2006), LImage de la Personne Humaine dans la Publicite en 2006. Paris Bureau de Verification de la Publicite. BVP (2006), Rapport dActivite 2005. Paris Bureau de Verificati on de la Publicite. BVP (2007), Rapport dActivite 2006. Paris Bureau de Verification de la Publicite. Capella, Michael L. , Ronald P. Hill, Justine M. Rapp, and Jeremy Kees (2010), The Impact of Violence Against Women in Advertisements, Journal of Advertising, 39(4), 35-49.Davidson, Kirk (2003), Selling Sin The Marketing of Socially Unacceptable Products. Westport, CT Praeger. Edelstein, J. S. (2003), Self-Regulation of Advertising An Alternative to Litigation and Government Action, IDEA The Journal of Law and Technology, 43 509-543. Giddens, A. (1993), The Transformation of Intimacy Sexuality, neck and eroticism in Modern Societies. Cambridge, UK Polity Press. Lane, F. S. (2006), The Decency Wars The Campaign to Cleanse American Culture. Amherst, NY Prometheus Books. Liptak, Adam (2010), Law Blocking Sale of Violent Video Games to bush league is Debated, New York Times, 3 November, A16.Loubradou, Esther (2004), Du Sexe pour Capter lAttention Les Aspects Juridiques de l workout du Sexe dans la Publicite Francaise. Memoire de Recherche, Social Sciences University, Toulouse, France. _______________ (2010), Porno-chic et Indecence Mediatique Contributions Interdisciplinaires sur les Enjeux Socio-Juridiques et Communicationnels des Contenus Sexuels dans les Medias de Masse Francais et Americains, doctoral dissertation (Law and Communication), Social Science University, Toulouse, France.McNair, B. (1996), Mediated Sex Pornography and Post-Modern Culture. London and New York Arnold. _________ (2002), Striptease Culture, Sex, Media and the Democratisation of Desire. London and New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Rapport IFM (2008), Rapport sur lImage des Femmes dans les Medias. Paris Commission de Reflexion sur lImage des Femmes dans les Medias, 25 September. Rapport IFP (2001), Rapport du Groupe dExperts sur lImage des Femmes dans la Publicite.Paris Secretaire dEtat aux Droits des Femmes et a la Formation Professionnelle, July. 15 Reichert, Tom (2003) , The Erotic History of Advertising. Amherst, NY Prometheus Books. Richards, Jef I. (2009), Common Fallacies in Law-Related Consumer look, Journal of Consumer Affairs, 43(1), 174-180. Rotfeld, Herbert J. (1992), Power and Limitations of Media Clearance Practices and Advertising Self-Regulation, Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 11(Spring), 87-95. ______________ (2003), Desires Versus the Reality of Self-Regulation, Journal of Consumer Affairs, 37(2), 424-427. _______________ and M. R. Stafford (2007), Toward a virtual(a) Understanding of the Advertising and Public Policy Literature, Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 29(1), 67-80. _______________ and Charles R. Taylor (2009), Advertising Regulation and Self-Regulation Issues Ripped from the Headlines With (Sometimes Missed) Opportunities for Disciplined Multidisciplinary Research, Journal of Advertising, 38(4), 5-14.Teyssier, Jean-Pierre (2004), Frapper sans Heurter Quelle Ethique pour la Publicite? Paris A rmand Colin. _________________ (2011), Advertising Regulation and Self-Regulation in France. Working paper to be published as a chapter in a forthcoming book edited by Mary Alice Shaver and to be published by M. E. Sharpe. Trumbull, Gunnar (2006), Consumer Capitalism Politics, Product Markets, and Firm Strategy in France and Germany. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press.

Political Rhetoric Essay

washstand F. Kennedy and Barack Obama both authorize successful attempts at addressing the thoughts, concerns, and fears of the Ameri sound hoi polloi in their expressiones made on the egalitarian platform. whoremonger F. Kennedy addresses the e declargon in his 1960 first Address, while Obama addresses Bostonians at Democratic Convention in a speech entitled The Audacity of Hope. twain speakers base the smart use of the rhetorical devices ethos, logos, and pathos for the theatrical role of realiseing support for policies and ideas thought to be important in shaping the future of the country. The appeals made by these speakers demonstrate an ability to grab the interest of the auditory sense and engage their attention by dint of continued appeals to their conscience as humans and the showsns (C each(prenominal)a focal point). Both Obama and Kennedy succeed in employing these honest, logical systemal, and pathetic modes of discourse in a t i that seeks to motivate an d vivify their auditory senses to support them in their endeavors.As a vernal Catholic, John F. Kennedys road to the white house was filled with gruelingies. He lost the ball(a)oting for the Democratic candidacy in 1956, and was forced to wait four more years be root word he could gain the chance to run for the American Presidency. His victory over Richard Nixon in zero(prenominal)ember of 1960 was really hard won, with m any per word of honors discreet of his campaign strategy involving making the United pronounces a new frontier. As the country had entered an economic slump and set about the threat of communism, his job was difficult on both domestic and foreign frontiers. Yet, his policies were dynamic, and he audibly harbinger the dawn of a new generation (The White House).John F. Kennedy gave his world-class speech on January 20, 1961 as the 35th president of the United States and the youngest bingle to date (Carter 36). This inaugural speech is an exemplary one in the field of force of rhetoric for it skillfully engages its audience with tone at the beginning of the speech, as he d acceptplays the Democratic victory and calls attention to the tradition of improperness that has been the heritage of the American batch (Meyer 239).He speaks non of victory of a party but a celebration of exemptionsymbolizing an end as puff up as a beginningsignifying a renewal as well as change (Kennedy). Using well chosen diction, he decl ars unselfishly an inspiration to protect the hard-won freedom and a determi tribe to put to tame morally on the national and international scene. He makes the claim that politeness is non a sign of weakness, thereby underscoring the importance of ethical manage and principled behavior (Kennedy).Kennedys assertion of the unity of his country is one that, according to his discourse, aims to extend to the entirety of the Americas. He clarifies the con school adjudge of this civility by highlighting the courage that s hould attend all diplomatic endeavors. This was the period of the verbalise of Pigs in which Russias app arnt aim was to establish a carriage in Cuba. Kennedy decl bes, Let every assorted power know that this cerebral hemisphere intends to re main(prenominal) the master of its own house (Kennedy). This represents an ethical claim which finds it retributive and right for the stronger nations in the region to stand guard on behalf of the weaker ones. Kennedy makes this affirmation in stage to argue that the United States does and should consider it its duty to safety device the interests of the countries of Earths Western Hemisphere. John F. Kennedy as well as appeals to the logical wiz of the entire nation in a number of ways passim his speech (Meyer 239). For moral, he refers to the diplomacy he intends to undertake with former(a) nations and announces that logic and discussion will attend such(prenominal) diplomatic meetings for the discussion of blazonry and hostile military activity. He displays the logic of his belief in his literary argument that nations in conflict do well to formulate serious and exact proposals for the inspection and control of arms (Kennedy). The systematic method in which these proposed ideas atomic number 18 to be dealt with underscores the logical construction of the manner in which such negotiations are to proceed. The speech by Kennedy withal reflects a significant appeal to the sentiments of the nation (Meyer 139). The pathetic sympathies of his audience are aroused in his appeal to the traditions of liberty upon which the nation has been built. This patriotism elicits the pride and nationalism of the audience in the anticipate of identifying and exploiting the connection between the militarist challenges of the past and his proposal for diplomatic action in the future.He appeals for their support in his famous lines, communicate not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country. A sk not what America will do for you but what together we can do for the freedom of man (Kennedy). He makes this appeal, and in doing so requests the assist of Americans sense of duty, which should be unwilling to witness or permit any form of encroachment upon the freedom hard won by those forefathers who died on the battlefields (Kennedy). Here he signalizes that the Soviet efforts to establish threatening communist connections with Cuba would not be tolerated by the United States. Kennedy also appeals to the trepidation felt by many Americans because of the stand-off developing between the United States and the Soviet Union. He refers to the state of atomic warfare in the world and speaks to the widespread fear that seemed to percolate the nation since the atomic bomb became a threat. He demonstrates his understanding of wads concern with what he terms the steady spread of the crazily atom (Kennedy). He makes this appeal to the fear they feel in order to win their support for the military budget he subsequently proposes. Kennedy evokes the enigmatical sense of endurance of the good deal in a call to weather the burden of a long, twilight struggle, year in and year off (Kennedy).This reflects the depth of the seriousness which he attributes to the threat of atomic aggression by hostile Communist states. Furthermore, the fact that this idea is given immediately hobby the allusion to the graves of young Americans who answered the call to service around the globe points to the gravity of the situation that faces the United States. Kennedy, therefore, stirs the feelings of his audience in order to garner their word convey of the idea that the costly upkeep of the military most likely preeminent to a greater tax burden is of great necessity to the preservation of American life, liberty, and dignity. It will be seen that the effectiveness of Barack Obamas speech utilizes techniques that are similar to those used by Kennedy.Barack Obamas keynote speec h to the field of study Democratic Convention was given on July 29, 2004 before he became a Senator (African-American 16). His goal in giving this speech is to promote the idea of breathing the American dream under the democratic candidate John Kerry. It is an example of a speech scripted to appeal to readers on some(prenominal) trains of the rhetorical scale. At this point in Obamas life, he is a extremity of the Illinois state legislature and has recently announced his candidacy for the United States Senate.As a legislator, he has had exposure to the responsibility of making ethical decisions that precede in the better regulation of the liberties promised in the constitution (Mack 99). He has also done work in very poor neighborhoods, and knows firsthand the problems faced by the people in those areas. The moral credibility of this speech is corporate in this central purpose to promote and support life, liberty and the sake of happiness (Obama).He cites these qualities as universe attributable to a religious belief in simple dreams, an insistence on small miracles that we can meet in our children at night and know that they are fed and intent and safe from harm that we can say what we think, write what we think, without hearing a sudden knock on the door (Obama). The knowledge Obama has gained from his diverse assure qualifies him to speak on the behalf of a candidate whose aims are drafted along the lines of enacting economy that will improve peoples social condition.Obama also uses ethical reasoning in his charge to the American leadership to engage the governments of other nations in talks that will commix countries under the banner of their earthy problems rather than divide them based on conflict. He charges such leaders to encourage them to explore the areas of science that give wonder and hope, rather than those areas that daunt and promise harm. In this way, Obama appeals to the deep sense of moral character and legality possesse d by his hearers, and which he knows they hope for the person he introduces John Kerry to bring to his agenda as a democratic candidate for the presidency.Obama also utilizes the rhetorical device of pathos in his Democratic Convention speech. From the very beginning of his speech, his words appeal to the sentiments of his audience as he reminisces on the ancestral lines that brought him to where he now stands. He highlights how unlikely it is for him to contrive achieved the exclusive right of being in his current position, because of the lowliness of his fathers birth (Mack 101). His lowliness is evident in his use of the phrase Thank you eight clock in the first two lines. He mentions the goat-herding vocation of his father, and yet contrasts this with the cogency of the dreams his grandfather had for his goat-herding son.Obama appeals further to the audiences sentiment by underlining the level of hard work to which his maternal grandfather committed himself, emphasizing h is eagerness to enlist in the American military on the day that fall Harbor was bombed. He also does this in his reference to the variety of people who seek a land in which they call home.He says, Its the hope of slaves sitting around a fire singing freedom songs the hope of immigrants setting out for distant shores the hope of a young naval lieutenant bravely patrolling the Mekong Delta the hope of a mill-workers son who dares to defy the odds the hope of a skinny kid with a funny name who believes that America has a place for him, too (Obama). In this way, he appeals to the patriotic nature of the audience and to highlight the right he and the diverse population have to claim this nation as their own.Barack Obama also makes a joint appeal both to the logos and pathos of the audience in his allusion to the job and health care situations in America. He says, It is that extreme belief I am my brothers keeper. I am my sisters keeper that makes this country work, and this represents his foreplay of the conscience of the people toward a more communal type of social policy he advocates (Obama). He also demonstrates reasoning and in his treatment of specific problems, evoking a sense that justice fails where people who have worked diligently all their lives are now required to compete with teenagers for low-paying jobs.This form of appeal also comes to the fore where he mentions the hardworking father who is at a loss to kind out how he can pay a $4500 weekly notification for his sick son when he cannot afford insurance (Obama). The dismal dower evoke the sympathy of his hearers. He also combines logos and pathos in his mention of the health care situation. From a logical point of view, humanitarian considerations support the idea of universal health care and hard work should logically be rewarded with proper medical treatment when necessary.The tone of Obamas address is one of patriotism and urgency. He speaks of the drive and heart of the American people und erscores his point that the leader he endorses believes strongly in the ideas he has put forth. He says, Now even as we speak, there are those who are preparing to divide us the spin masters, the negative ad peddlers who get across the politics of anything goes. Well, I say to them tonight, there is not a big America and a conservative America there is the United States of America (Obama).His tone is also inspirational and motivational, and he highlights the ways in which the passionateness and ambition of the American people has the ability not just to make them succeed in the things to which they put their hands and minds, but also to unite them as one nation. Yet he also highlights the areas that need change, and encourages all the audience that together such goals can be achieved if the American world-class and ingenuity is employed. He exhorts his audience with his words and provocative tone to move forward by selecting the right candidate. The speeches of John F. Kennedy and Barack Obama use rhetoric as a means of constructing logical and ethical arguments that appeal also to the sentiments of their audience. Both speakers show themselves to be exceptional orators and to possess skill in rousing the spirits of the nation in support of their political campaigns. They also show themselves to be united in their efforts to earn the backing of the American people for future domestic and foreign policies.Obama appeals to the deepest and most immediate concerns of the people, and by insisting on his interest in social welfare programs, shows himself worthy of their organized religion and sympathies. Kennedys inaugural speech highlights the endeavor of a newly take Democratic president to air the qualities of an unproven leader as being propitious for the direction the country seeks to take. Kennedy makes himself one with the people by referring to the areas in which they share ethical beliefs and logical connections. Both speakers allude to recent and old historical periods in which wars were fought and Americans died. In so doing, the speakers are able to garner support for the policies that will preserve freedom and prosperity for many gave their lives. whole kit CitedAn African-American Law School Professor Aims to Become the Fifth grim U.S. Senator. The diary of smuttys in higher(prenominal) Education. Vol. 43 (Spring, 2004) pp 16 17. JSTOR. http//links.jstor.org/sici?sici=10773711%28200421%290%3A43%3C16 %3AAALSPA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R.Callaway, Michael. Logos, Ethos, and Pathos. Arizona State University. 26 January 2008 http//www.public.asu.edu/macalla/logosethospathos.html.Carter, Burnham Jr. President Kennedys Inaugural Address. College Composition and Communication. Vol. 14 No. 1 (February, 1963) pp 36 40. JSTOR. 1 February 2008 http//links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0010096X%28196302%2914%3A1%3C36%3APKIA%3 E2.0.CO%3B2-QKennedy, John Fitzgerald. Inaugural Address. 20 January 1061. American magniloquence Online quarrel Ba nk. 26 January 2008 http//www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkinaugural.htm.Mack, Kenneth W. Barack Obama before He Was a Rising political Star The Journal of Blacks in high Education. No. 45, pp 99 104 (Autumn, 2004). JSTOR. 1 February 2008 http//links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1077-3711%28200423%290%3A45%3C98%3ABOBHWA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N.Meyer, Sam. The John F. Kennedy opening Speech usage and richness of Its Address System. Rhetoric Society Quarterly Vol. 12 No. 4 (Autumn, 1982), pp. 239- 250. JSTOR. 1 February 2008 http//links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0277-3945%28198223%2912%3A4%3C239%3ATJFKIS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M .Obama, Barack. The Audacity of Hope. 27 July 2004. American Rhetoric Online Speech Bank. 26 January 2008 http//www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/convention2004/barackobama2004dnc.htm.White House, The. John Kennedy. Past Presidents. Washington. Retrieved on February 18, 2008 from http//www.whitehouse.gov/ memoir/presidents/jk35.htmlAnnotated BibliographyAn African-American Law S chool Professor Aims to Become the Fifth Black U.S. Senator. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. Vol. 43 (Spring, 2004) pp 16 17. JSTOR. .This clause from The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education appeared in the Spring 2004 edition. It is an un-authored article that talks about Barack Obamas rise through the political ranks all the way up to running for Senator. This article will help provide stress information related to Obamas early years in the State Legislature and later on in the Senate.Blakesley, David, and Jeffrey Hoogeveen. The Brief Thompson Handbook. Ohio Thomson Wadsworth, 2008.This book is a handbook used for reference in all forms of writing. It has unique sections such as MLA documentation and how to research writing critically. It served a dual purpose in my paper as it was able to help me define several key terms as well as cite all appropriate sources properly.Callaway, Michael. Logos, Ethos, and Pathos. Arizona State University. 26 January 2008 .Th is set presents a cooperative chart on the ethos, pathos, and logos, which weely differentiates each of the three styles of presenting an argument. It also presents clear definition as well as some examples from known articles written by recognized celebrities. It also gave insight into how to prepare a well-developed sample on rhetoric.Carter, Burnham Jr. President Kennedys Inaugural Address. College Composition and Communication. Vol. 14 No. 1 (February, 1963) pp 36 40. JSTOR. 1 February 2008 http//links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0010096X%28196302%2914%3A1%3 C36%3APKIA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-QThis five varlet article by Burnham Carter Jr. was written two years aft(prenominal) President John F. Kennedy gave his Inaugural Address. It praises Kennedys words and goes on to explore why it was such a great speech. This article is very well organized and uses outsides sources to get its point across. The ideas in this article will provide a basis upon which to build further arguments concernin g the effectiveness of John F. Kennedys speech.Clarke, Thurston. The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America. The San Francisco accounting. 24 October, 2004. 26 January 2008 .This article from the San Francisco Chronicle by Thurston Clarke recounts one of the most famous speeches ever given The Inauguration of JFK. There was a myth that the speech could have been written by JFKs assistant, Ted Sorensen. However, in the article Thurston disproves the rumor and demonstrates how JFK was the true author of his own remarkable words. The work helps give insight into the strategic mind of John F. Kennedy, and will apply to the logical aspects of the analytic paper..Kennedy, John Fitzgerald. Inaugural Address. 20 January 1061. American Rhetoric Online Speech Bank. 26 January 2008 .John F Kennedys Inaugural Address can be found in the Online Speech Bank of the American Rhetoric website. On this specific page it has the audio, video, and text of the speech that I will be analyzing. The speech will be examined on the following areas of rhetoric pathos, logos and ethos, and will provide the base material to be assessed.Mack, Kenneth W. Barack Obama before He Was a Rising Political Star The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. No. 45, pp 99 104 (Autumn, 2004). JSTOR. 1 February 2008 .Kenneth W. Mack wrote this four page article for The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education in the Fall of 2004. In the article, Mack addresses his relationship with Barack Obama on both a political and personal scale. He recounts anecdotes of himself and Obama along with other important political figures to shed light on hwo deserving Obama is of his acclaim. He also analyzes the Keynote Address that Obama gave at the 2004 Democratic National Convention. This article will provide deeper insight into the Obamas character, and will inform the main ideas presented in the analysis of his speech.Meyer, Sam. The John F. Kennedy Inauguration Speech Function and Importance of Its Address System. Rhetoric Society Quarterly Vol. 12 No. 4 (Autumn, 1982), pp. 239-250. JSTOR. 1 February 2008 .This twelve page article is an in-depth analysis on John F Kennedys Inaugural Speech. It explores all aspects of the speech with divisions ranging from the audience to logos, pathos, and ethos. It breaks down different quotations and analyzes the content and not only the textual meaning but possible broader meanings. It will aid in the relation of the ideas presented in JFKs speech to the context in which it was made.Obama, Barack. The Audacity of Hope. 27 July 2004. American Rhetoric Online Speech Bank. 26 January 2008 .The American Rhetoric is a website that houses famous pieces of literature, both American and Foreign. This particular piece is a speech from the 2004 Democratic National Convention and is the Key Note Address. The speech is given by Barack Obama when he was still a member of the Illinois State Legislator. I will be examining the speech for the main elements of Rhetoric logos, pathos and ethos. It will be used as the main source from which quotations and examples will be draw in an analysis of the speechs effectiveness.Ramage, John, John Bean, and June Johnson. Writing Arguments A Rhetoric with Readings. 7th ed. White Plains, NY Longman, 2006.This is a book that revolves around the topic of arguments. It defines argument, presents numerous argument readings over the pages, and then tackles on assisting readers into writing arguments. integrity of the arguments in the text is a speech by Former lawyer General John Ashcroft titled, Testimony to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Using pathos Ashcroft states that America must not be complacent and should be person-to-person in defending the nation against terrorist attacks. Another argument in the book is made by Patricia Williams in an article titled To See or Not to See. This article tackles the invalidity of the antiterrorism policies, especially whe n it comes to liberty and human rights of the minorities. The methods in which these state officials tackle these tough problems will give insight into the difficulties veneer Kennedy at the time. Comparisons of his attitude with that of these contemporary leaders will help to indicate the extent to which his proposed policies were necessary.United Sates. Senate. Barack Obama U.S. Senator for Illinois. 1 February 2008.This website is the homepage for Senator Barack Obama. It is a very detailed site with many subsidiary pages that include things from biographical information to his previous speeches on podcast. The homepage has an RSS feed that gives up to the minute latest news relating to the Senator. It also indicates the issues for which Obama argues and different committees with which he is associated. This source gives an idea of the Obamas political interests and facilitates the comparison of his speechs main points. It also gives insight into the areas in which Obama may have done (or found) research for his speech.White House, The. John Kennedy. Past Presidents. Washington. Retrieved on February 18, 2008 from http//www.whitehouse.gov/ account statement/presidents/jk35.htmlThis article is a biography of John F. Kennedy, detailing his birth, tour in Japan, road to the White House and subsequent assassination while in office. It also tells of other accomplishments, the Bay of Pigs campaign, and the overall mission that he had in store for the country. It is useful as a source of general flat coat information concerning Kennedy.

ENG 225 quiz 4 ashford university Essay

1. oppugn Which female auteur is topper kn induce for staking off tradition all in ally male territory in her films Sophia Coppola coiffure Kathryn BigelowNora Ephron2. brain Which tone most distinguishes the musical as a writing style in its own right?Student act CORRECT Its songs ar part of the natural process Its songs accompany the actionIt contains only songs and no scoreIts dialogue is mainly sung3. Question According to John Truby, why are genre films generally favored by American studios? They are less costly to makeCORRECT They provide more reliable profitsThey are risky investments, but can yield big profits4. Question Which of the following is true of horror films in recent decades?They are enough less realisticThey are becoming more expensiveCORRECT They are becoming more violent5. Question Which critic is best known for opposing the auteur theory?Roger EbertFrancois TruffautCORRECT Pauline KaelInstructor account statement The answer can be found in Chapter 7 of existence to Film. 6. Question Which of the following gangster films was forced to add a title of respect at the end to satisfy public watchdog groups?Student repartee CORRECT The Public EnemyScarfaceGomorrah7. Question Which of the following is the best delegacy to describe a directors style? Student Answer CORRECT His or her favorite mise en scne, cinematography, editing, and sound techniques The universal modal value he or she deals with the actors on the set Typical way he or she deals with producers and other studio executives His or her preferred beat matter and genre in which to work8. Question Which stylistic purport in film was best known for using well-worn developed locations and ordinary-looking, nonglamorous actors?German ExpressionismCORRECT Italian NeorealismFrench New Wave9. Question Why do many theorists doubt that genres exist at all?Because studios invented the idea as a cynical marketing tool Because they are the product of reference expectations, no t films themselves CORRECT Because the definitions are fluid at best, meaningless at worst10. Question In which of the following genres is the audience most likely to be asked to sympathize with the forces of evil? CORRECT mobsterHorrorRomantic comedy

Machiavelli Ruler Essay

Elizabeths sacred and governmental policies displayed her cunning characteristics of macrocosmness both love. Her use of justification by force alternatively than legal philosophy was effective and was a main reason for her success. The Queen surrounded herself with smart and wise advisors but also forebodingfully questioned the motives of her closest consultants. In Machiavellian style, Elizabeths sacred policy fluctuated between toleration and repression according to the unavoidably of the present time. But despite the conflicts between the Catholics and Protestants, Elizabeth still pursued a middle way between the feuding religions.In the Elizabethan Settlement, Elizabeth and Parliament mandatory conformity in the Church of England but allowed people to worship Protestantism and universality privately. In the Thirty-Nine Articles, Elizabeth defined the Anglican Church as adjacent the Protestant doctrine but keeping the Catholic hierarchy. The Queen abolished presbytery construction and other corrupt church practices but kept a vary figure head (monarchy). Elizabeth as well showed little mercy to anyone who peril her rule. Religious extremists such as Puritans and Catholics were given a choice to recover or be exiled inElizabeths Conventicle Act. Because of these actions, Elizabeth is also considered a politique she put political over religious matters. Another example of Elizabeth succeeding(a) the Machiavellian concept is her refusal of marriage to queen regnant Philip II of Spain. Elizabeth was married to her rustic and did not want a King to come along and change the religion and take all her power. In her foreign policy, she was systematic because it was intentional to keep her in power. One example of a threat to Elizabeths power was Mary Queen of Scots.Many of Elizabeths Catholic enemies valued to see her replaced by Mary. Because of the many threats Elizabeth received from her, Mary was executed, despite being Elizabeths relative. Elizabeth killed Mary for the good of England and did not let any soul interfere with her ruling. Although Elizabeth dealt horribly with those who tried to overthrow her, Elizabeths people loved her even after her death because of her strong command of respect and loyalty. By following the Machiavellian style, Queen Elizabeth I became seen as one of the about influential ruler who led England successfully.In French history, Prince heat content of Navarre is cognise as being Machiavellian. Prince enthalpy, who although was Protestant, converted to a Catholic for the good of France. Since the Bourbon Prince was Protestant and a legal heir to the French throne, it posed a hassle because of France being strongly Catholic. Although there was an attempt by heat content triple to grant Huguenots al most(prenominal) complete freedom in the Peace of Beaulieu, it fails and Henry III seeks aid from Henry of Navarre. After Henry III dies, Prince Henry of Navarre succeeds him and becomes King Henry IV.Because Spain was intervening in other matters, Henry IV became stronger in his rule. He was widely liked by France and did what was surpass for the country. The King put his politics and image with the French people before his religion. He converted from Calvinism to Catholicism to please the masses of France. In the Edict of Nantes, Henry made a formal religious settlement for the Huguenots. The Huguenots received religious toleration and private worshipping outside of Paris. The Edict was considered a truce rather than religious tolerance as it gave the Huguenots protection.King Henry issued the edict in order to save the national unity of France. He saved France from religious turmoil even if it meant for him to give up his own religion. Paris is worth(predicate) the mass is one of his famous sayings. He asserts that it is more important to capture the unity and safety of a nation than to not be mulish and not follow the mass. King Henry IV was one of the most popular French kings, both during and after his reign. He showed great care for the welfare of his subjects and displayed an unusual religious tolerance for the time.King Henry sacrificed a great amount for the good of his country by putting political over religious matters and doing whatever it takes to reach success. Machiavelli has had enormous influence on the worlds successful rulers. People like Queen Elizabeth I and King Henry IV ruled their country with great attention. These rulers were war wise, noble, brave, strong, and kept faith in others at a minimum. Elizabeth and Henry did what was best for their country, even if it meant sacrificing religion. They utilize any means to stay in power. Elizabeth I and Henry IV truly displayed Machiavellian characteristics through the way they used their power.

Social media

any terzetto articles promote the concept of utilise brotherly media to build and maintain familys with the national. In the state of emergency entirely three highlight the significance of affable media nets beca utilisation they allow for Instant parley surrounded by lost family members, volunteers and emergency services. Article 1 concludes that companies that are vigorous on fond media need to follow 3 strategies disclosure or openness, cultivation delimitation and Interactivity and Involvement (Men & Tsar 2011).Both Article 1 and 3 both underline poor use of well-disposed medals at gotion and recommended online fundamental interaction finished and through two-way communication, which Includes replying or ack directlyledging exploiter posts and comments, and posting content for diversion purposes sort of than just promotion. Article 2 showcases how organizations can better use affectionate media platforms to interact and build traffichips with their unrestri cteds.The studies in all three articles uncover that overall the Chinese level of engagement with corporate social network sites was rated at the medium level because users on Render (Chinese social media site) public opinioned social Edie as a platform to ask enquiries non Just view merchandising and promotion material. 3) The common theme found in the seek environ social media is its rapid transformation over the past ten days and how its use can go beyond its original intention. Backbone, was referred to at the condemnation as a college version of Friends (DRP.Curtis 2013). Backbone and Twitter contri simplye true new features to companies to stay relevant in the new digital age. genial media has changed communication channels and mediums over the last 10 days (Pashas 2013). All of the articles display the significance of creating a sense of community be and affiliation because social media connects and engages people from the comfort of their own home. However, our group learnt that organizations do not utilise social media to its best potential in relation to creating user to corporation relationships.As seen in the additional two articles Moms for Blobbing (source 1) and Chinas Social Medal evoke Citizen joggle Response (source 2), social media Is connecting societies and communities around the world. As seen In source 2 the king of civil society groups o coordinate a informality essay were enhanced by Sins Hello, the Twitter-Like microbiology that did not exist in 2008 but now has more(prenominal) than 500 million users (c)level society Is much more able today compared to 2008, (Levin 2013).All five articles and additional research highlight the evolution of social prom has the major power to influence peoples attitudes and behaviors. 4) When it comes to social media and public relations the ability to form, build and maintain affiliations is a pivotal factor and allow attend an organization to attain positive public relations hips. As Ferguson verbalize relationships not the organization, nor the public, nor the communication process should be the unit of study in public relations (Manager 2012).Therefore the relationship theory, which concentrees on public relationships, is proposed by a account of scholars. As recommended in all the supporting articles time invested in creating and maintaining relationships makes a difference (Sterner 2012). The relationship theory best demonstrates the conclusions of all articles because it supports the concept of developing a social Edie strategy to grow virtual communities with stakeholders (Lovely, Waters & Sexton 2012). It similarly promotes in effect building and maintaining relationships between the organization and the publics.However as illustrated in the articles 1, 2 and 3, the useful execution of this may be limited due to cognitive dissonance through the instruction received on application of social media. The notion of organisational public relatio nships as core to public relations is the focus of scholars earnest and Laddering (2000, p. 9) who state that, the purpose and direction of an organization (its mission) is affected by relationships with nominate constituents (publics) in the organizational surroundings.The emergence of social media has alter public communication and interaction from human-tachometer to human-to-human and human-to-content. The excellence theory provides a abounding and teemingness body of knowledge in public relations and a mainstay finding in the study found that PR is a unmatched management function that helps an organization interact with the social and political components of its environment (des Chic,J & Snotty, G 2009).Social mediaAll three articles promote the concept of using social media to build and maintain relationships with the public. In the state of emergency all three highlight the significance of social media networks because they allow for Instant communication between lost family members, volunteers and emergency services. Article 1 concludes that companies that are active on social media need to follow 3 strategies disclosure or openness, Information delimitation and Interactivity and Involvement (Men & Tsar 2011).Both Article 1 and 3 both underline poor use of social medals attention and recommended online Interaction through two-way communication, which Includes replying or acknowledging user posts and comments, and posting content for entertainment purposes rather than just promotion. Article 2 showcases how organizations can better use social media platforms to interact and build relationships with their publics.The studies in all three articles reveal that overall the Chinese level of engagement with corporate social network sites was rated at the medium level because users on Render (Chinese social media site) viewed social Edie as a platform to ask enquiries not Just view marketing and promotion material. 3) The common theme found in the resea rch surrounding social media is its rapid transformation over the past ten years and how its use can go beyond its original intention. Backbone, was referred to at the time as a college version of Friends (DRP.Curtis 2013). Backbone and Twitter have developed new features to companies to stay relevant in the new digital age. Social media has changed communication channels and mediums over the last 10 years (Pashas 2013). All of the articles display the significance of creating a sense of community belonging and affiliation because social media connects and engages people from the comfort of their own home. However, our group learnt that organizations do not utilize social media to its best potential in relation to creating user to company relationships.As seen in the additional two articles Moms for Blobbing (source 1) and Chinas Social Medal Fuel Citizen Quake Response (source 2), social media Is connecting societies and communities around the world. As seen In source 2 the ability of civil society groups o coordinate a relief effort were enhanced by Sins Hello, the Twitter-Like microbiology that did not exist in 2008 but now has more than 500 million users (c)level society Is much more capable today compared to 2008, (Levin 2013).All five articles and additional research highlight the evolution of social prom has the ability to influence peoples attitudes and behaviors. 4) When it comes to social media and public relations the ability to form, build and maintain affiliations is a pivotal factor and will assist an organization to attain positive public relationships. As Ferguson stated relationships not the organization, nor the public, nor the communication process should be the unit of study in public relations (Manager 2012).Therefore the relationship theory, which focuses on public relationships, is proposed by a number of scholars. As recommended in all the supporting articles time invested in creating and maintaining relationships makes a difference ( Sterner 2012). The relationship theory best demonstrates the conclusions of all articles because it supports the concept of developing a social Edie strategy to grow virtual communities with stakeholders (Lovely, Waters & Sexton 2012). It also promotes effectively building and maintaining relationships between the organization and the publics.However as illustrated in the articles 1, 2 and 3, the effective execution of this may be limited due to cognitive dissonance through the instruction received on application of social media. The notion of organizational public relationships as core to public relations is the focus of scholars Burning and Laddering (2000, p. 9) who state that, the purpose and direction of an organization (its mission) is affected by relationships with key constituents (publics) in the organizational environment.The emergence of social media has altered public communication and interaction from human-tachometer to human-to-human and human-to-content. The excellen ce theory provides a rich and abundance body of knowledge in public relations and a key finding in the study found that PR is a unique management function that helps an organization interact with the social and political components of its environment (des Chic,J & Snotty, G 2009).

The Baderman Island Resort Word Processing Software Upgrade

Smith Systems Consulting is IT services go forthr delivering business and character automation solutions country wide. We have expertise in project focus, software package application design, deployment and support. We also provide computing computer hardware and network adroitness services. To provide Baderman the most suitable intelligence information processing solution, our experts have worked by a plan comprising of three staged project plan found on time tested proprietary standards. Need Assessment Our experts go out be involved in identifying current as well as incoming excogitate processing needs for all users at Baderman.This bodily process impart include documenting all features currently used much(prenominal)(prenominal) as word processing, desktop publishing, weave publishing etc. Consultants give need interviews throughout the organization to document and compile an exhaustive in-use feature list. We ordain also collect valuable information about the c urrent hardware and software configurations such, versions of operating systems, memory and processing power, currently used word processing software etc. Our IS auditors will collect all policies, procedures and guide filiations presidency the purchase, use and upgrade of computer hardware and software at Baderman.The butt of need assessment is to document all the requirements from various business units. It is an all-important(a) element of developing a business-case for any recommended solution. This business-case will help solicitude understand the utility of such an investment, and create the executives buy-in required for the success of such a project. Product Identification Following need-assessment we will provide details of product(s) identified to vanquish suit the current and future needs at Baderman. Our goal during this phase will be to provide a choice of options supported by data collected during need-assessment.The management may decide to opt for intermix of products for different department such as word processing software for many and desktop publishing, web authoring systems for communication and marketing etc. Our proposed solution will accommodate such possibilities to avoid any repeat of work. As standard procedure we will also submit an impact analysis for each of the elect products, on the currently deployed infrastructure. This will help develop accurate budget and intake forecast. Implementation The downation phase will be further change integrity into three stages.Each stage will target a theme of workers chosen to minimize loss of productivity in operational activities. First group will comprise of top managers from all the various business units. inductive reasoning and homework will be provided to these accepters and consultants will monitor the win continuously. These managers will provide the necessary momentum required to successfully implement the change at lower level. This exercise will create chance holders at department level ready to take a lead in adopting new solutionNext in line will be line managers reporting to lead managers, and lastly all the knowledge workers using word processing software will be targeted. Following a unappeasable step by step regime will allow deployment and training teams to focus attention on groups. This will deliver measurable and quotable process for adoption of upgrades or new technology. We strive to provide the best quality of service to all our customers. Our planners, consultants and engineers will provide the right mix of skills and expertise to deliver favorable results.

Last Sacrifice Chapter Twenty-nine

THE EVENTS THAT FOLLOWED were a blur. Sonya index name unbroken spirits touch at bay, however it didnt matter. I was quench in shock, still unable to think. They put me in the front seat, as far from achiever as possible. Dimitri drove us al or sowhitherI didnt pay virtu comp permitelyy(pre noinal) attentionwhere he and Sonya pr genius of the body. They didnt range what they did, unless that it was taken c ar of. I didnt ask for details. later on that, we were lynchpin and headed toward Court. Sonya and Dimitri tossed around options on what to do when we got on that point. Seeing as no cardinal had nevertheless cleared my name, the current plan was that Sonya would run through to particular date Jill into Court. Jill asked if she could c distri preciselyively her parents to allow them k at one m she was okay, save Dimitri matt-up that was a security measures risk. Sonya give tongue to shed try to reach Emily in a dream, which leave Jill timber a myopic b etter.I coped during the drive by checking in on Lissa. Focusing on her comparablewisek me a dash from the horrible guilt and emptiness I felt, the horror at what Id through to Victor. When I was with Lissa, I wasnt me, and just hence, that was my superlative desire. I didnt want to be me. barely things werent perfect for her all. Like forever and a day, a number of issues were weighing her d profess. She felt closeso, so closeto unraveling who had killed Tatiana. The decide imagemed within her grasp, if only she could reach just a little farther. The guardians had dragged Joe the janitor in, and subsequentlywards a fair amount of coercionthey had methods that didnt require trickal wanthed admitted to having seen the twisted-handed Moroi in my building on the night of the murder. no(prenominal)amount of thrust would vanquish Joe to admit he had been paid strikeby either the man or Daniella. The closely hed admit was that he might cast been a little off in his meas ure that night. It was by no essence hard evidence to save me.Lissa had Amb pink wines letter too, which had subtly threatened Tatiana. The source had opposed the age law for being soft, disapproved of Tatianas endorsement of spirit, and resented the secret didactics sessions. The letter might move over been perfectly polite, take away whoever penned it had had a spartan grudge against the queen. That holded the political motive theories.Of course, thither were still split up of own(prenominal) motives for the murder too. The sordid mess with Ambrose, Blake, and the women involved pegged any(prenominal) of them as the murderer. Daniella Ivashkov being on that list was a constant point of tensity for Lissa, and she dared not mitee a word to Adrian. The saving grace there was that Daniellas bribery had been to get Adrian stunned of troublenot solidify my guilt. The incomprehensible Moroi had funded that bribe. Surely, if she had killed Tatiana, Daniella would bugge r off paid for twain of Joes lies.And of course, there was the coda test imperativeness against Lissas mind. The riddle. The riddle that seemed to adopt so many answersand yet, none at all.What moldiness a queen possess in aim to very command her throng? In some ways, it was more difficult than the other(a) tests. Those had had a hands-on component, so to speak. This? This was her own intellect. No fire to build. No worry to look in the eye.She hated that she took the riddle so seriously too. She didnt aim its stress, not with everything else dismission on. Life would deport been simpler if shed kept treating the trials simply as a scam to buy us time. The Court was continually swelling with those who had advance to see the election, and more and more of themmuch to her disbeliefwere throwing their support behind her. She could hardly walk anywhere with emerge spate calling out round the Dragon or Alexandra reborn. Word of her attack had gotten out too, which seeme d to fill fuel her supporters up to now more.But, of course, Lissa still had plenty of opposition. The biggest case against her was the aforementioned(prenominal) old pro imbed one that she wouldnt be eligible for votes when the time came. some other mark against her was her age. She was too young, her opponents state. Who would want a child on the throne? But Lissas admirers wouldnt try out any of it. They kept citing young Alexandras rule and the miracles Lissa had wrought with her heal. Age was irrelevant. The Moroi ask young blood, they cried. They likewise demanded the voting laws be changed.Unsurprisingly, her opponents also kept obstetrical delivery up the fact that she was tied to a queen-killing murderer. Id have impression that would have been the biggest issue in her ceasedidacy, besides shed been so convincing near how Id force and betrayed her that many felt her being queen would actually right the perse recognizee Id committed. Shed physical exertiond bits of compulsion whenever the topic came up, which also went a long way in making others think she was now completely dissociated from me.Im so devolve of this, Lissa told Christian, back in her room. Shed sought escape there and was lying on her bed in his fortify. My mom was there, on guard. This queen thing was a horrible idea.Christian stroked her whisker. Its not. Abe say the election will be retard because of the uproar. And no matter how much you complain, I know youre proud you do it this far.It was original. The chalice test had cut the nominees in half. Only five remained. Ariana Szelsky was one of them, as was Daniellas cousin, Rufus Tarus. Lissa was the third, with Marcus Lazar and Marie Conta rounding out the multitude. Ronald Ozera hadnt farm it through.My fetch lecturing up. Ive never seen anything the desires of thisits incredible how much support youre acquiring. The Council and other royals are under no obligations to change the law. But the mobs lo ud and gaining the deal of commoners could earn certain royals. Standing by your claim to run would certainly muse well on a twosome families that are out of favor. Whats holding them back is the thought that you might actually win. So theyll just backing arguing and arguing.Lissa stiffened. benignant thats not really possible, is it? Arianas got it sealed right? Winning had never been a part of this crazy plan, and now, with so fewer fecal matterdidates, the compel was so far great to get Ariana on the throne. As far as Lissa was concerned, the other candidates showed no promise of improving Moroi manner. Ariana had to win.Id say so, utter Janine. thither was pride in her voice, seeing how close she was to the Szelsky family. Arianas brilliant and competent, and most throng know it. Shed treat dhampirs fairlymore so than some of the other candidates. Shes already spoken about reversing the age law.The thought of worse laws oppressing the dhampirs do Lissas stom ach sink. God, I hope she wins. We cant have anything else go wrong.A chance at the door snapped my mom into full guardian mode until Lissa express, Its Adrian.Well, muttered Christian, at least his timings better than commonplace.Sure enough, my boyfriend entered, wreathed in his now usual scent of smoke and liquor. True, his vices were the least of my concerns, but it kept bugging me that he postulate me to be there in person to enforce his good behavior. It reminded me of when he say I was his strength.Get up, guys, he say. He looked very delightful with himself. Weve got a visit to pay. Lissa sat up, puzzled. What are you public lecture about?I am not hanging out with Blake Lazar again, warned Christian.You and me both, said Adrian. Ive got individual better. And more attractive. Remember how you were wondering how close Serena was to Grant? Well, looks like you can ask her yourself. I found her. And yes, youre welcome.A frown crossed my mothers pillow slip. pop off I arrestd, Serena had been sent away to teach at a school. iodin on the east coast, I think. After the Strigoi attack that had killed Grant and several(prenominal) others, the guardians had decided to pull Serena from active bodyguard duty for a while. Shed been the only guardian to survive.She is, but since its summer, they brought her back to help with election crowd subordination. Shes work the front gates.Lissa and Christian exchanged looks. We have to talk to her, said Lissa excitedly. She might have known who Grant was secretly teaching.That doesnt mean one of them killed Tatiana, warned my mother.Lissa nodded. No, but theres a connection, if Ambroses letter is right. Shes there now? At the gates?Yup, said Adrian. And we probably dont even motif to buy her a drink.Then lets go. Lissa stood and reached for her shoes. ar you sure? asked Christian. You know whats waiting out there.Lissa hesitated. It was late at night for Moroi, but that didnt mean everyone was in bedespecial ly at the gates, which was always jam-packed with people lately. Clearing my name was too important, Lissa decided. Yeah. Lets do it.With my mother leading the way, my friends made their way to the Courts entrance. (The door that Abe had made had been patched up.) The Court was surrounded in high, miscellaneous stone walls that helped further the human image that this was actually an elite school. molded iron gates at the entrance stood open, but a group of guardians blocked the road leading into Court grounds. Normally, only two guardians would have manned the booth at the gate. The extra numbers were both for greater interrogation of cars and for crowd control. Spectators lined the roads sides, watching the arriving cars as though they were at a red carpet premiere. Janine knew a roundabout way that avoided some peoplebut not all.Dont cringe, Christian told Lissa as they passed a especially vocal group, which had noticed her. Youre a queenly nominee. Act like it. You deserve this . Youre the last Dragomir. A daughter of royalty.Lissa gave him a brief, astonished look, surprised to hear the fierceness in his voice and that he clearly believed his linguistic communication. Straightening up, she turned toward her fans, gay and waving back, which excited them that much more. Take this seriously, she reminded herself. Dont disgrace our history.In the end, getting through the crowd to the gate proved easier than getting time solely with Serena. The guardians were swamped and insisted on keeping Serena for screening, but my mom had a quick chat with the guardian in charge. She reminded him of Lissas importance and offered to stand in for Serena for a few minutes. Serena had long since healed from the Strigoi attack. She was my age, blond-haired and pretty. She was clearly surprised to see her former charge. Princess, she said, maintaining formalities. How can I help you?Lissa pulled Serena away from the c wanter of guardians speaking to the Moroi drivers lined u p at the gate. You can call me Lissa. You know that. You taught me to stab pillows, after all.Serena gave her a small smile. Things have changed. You might be our next queen.Lissa grimaced. Unlikely. Especially since I have no clue how to solve that riddle, she thought. But I do need your help. You and Grant spent a lot of time unneurotic did he ever mention training Moroi for Tatiana? Like, secret combat sessions?Serenas side of meat gave the answer away, and she averted her eyeball. Im not supposed to talk about that. He wasnt even supposed to tell me.Lissa gripped the young guardians arm in excitement, making Serena flinch. You have to tell me what you know. Anything. Who he was training how they felt about it who was successful. Anything.Serena paled. I cant, she whispered. It was done in secret. On the queens orders.My aunts dead, said Adrian bluntly. And you said yourself you might be talking to the future queen. This earned a glare from Lissa.Serena hesitated, then took a late breath. I can pull together a list of names. I might not remember all of them, though. And I have no clue how well they were doingonly that a lot resented it. Grant felt like Tatiana had purposely picked those most unwilling.Lissa squeezed her hand. Thank you. Thank you so much.Serena still looked pained at giving up the secret information. They come scratch didnt always work when your loyalties were split. Ill have to get it to you later, though. They need me here.Serena returned to her post, bringing my mother back to Lissa. As for me, I returned to my own reality in the car, which had come to a stop. I blinked to clear my look and take in our surroundings. Another hotel. We should have had gold member status by now. Whats going on?Were stopping, said Dimitri. You need to rest.No, I dont. We need to keep going to Court. We need to get Jill there in time for the elections. Our initial goal in finding Jill had been to give Lissa voting power. It had since occurred to us t hat if Lissa running was mucking up the elections, the surprise appearance of her sister would likely create just as much sensation and disbelief. A genetic test would clear up any doubts and give Lissa her voting power, but the initial confusion would buy us more of the time we so badly require to find the murderer. In spite of the random evidence my friends kept turning up, they still had no substantial theories on a culprit.Dimitri gave me a dont lie to me look. You were just with Lissa. ar the elections actually happening yet?No, I admitted.Then youre getting some rest.Im fine, I snapped.But those fools wouldnt listen to me. Checking in was complicated because none of us had a credit card, and it wasnt the hotels policy to take a cash deposit. Sonya compelled the desk work into thinking it was their policy, and forrader long, we had booked two adjoining rooms.Let me talk to her alone, Dimitri murmured to Sonya. I can handle it.Be careful, Sonya warned. Shes fragile.You guys, Im right here I exclaimed.Sonya took Jills arm and guided her into one of the rooms. Come on, lets order room service.Dimitri tone-to-heart the other door and looked at me expectantly. With a sigh, I followed and sat on the bed, my arms crossed. The room was a hundred times nicer than the one in West Virginia. Can we order room service?He pulled up a chair and sat opposite me, only a couple feet away. We need to talk about what happened with Victor.Theres nix to talk about, I said bleakly. The dark happenings Id been shoving back during the drive suddenly fell upon me. They smothered me. I felt more claustrophobic than when Id been in the cell. Guilt was its own prison. I really am the murderer everyone says I am. It doesnt matter that it was Victor. I killed him in cold blood.That was hardly cold blood.The hell it wasnt I cried, feeling weeping spring to my look. The plan was to subdue him and Robert so we could free Jill. Subdue. Victor wasnt a threat to me. He was an old m an, for Gods sake.He seemed like a threat, said Dimitri. His calmness was the counter to my growing hysteria, as usual. He was using his thaumaturgy.I shook my head, burying my acquaint in my hands. It wasnt going to kill me. He probably couldnt have even kept it up much longer. I could have waited it out or escaped. Hell, I did escape But quite of capturing him, I slammed him against a concrete wall He was no tick off for me. An old man. I killed an old man. Yeah, maybe he was a scheming, sully old man, but I didnt want him dead. I cherished him locked up again. I wanted him to spend the rest of his life in prison, dungeon with his crimes. Living, Dimitri.It seemed strange that Id feel this way, considering how much I hated Victor. But it was true it hadnt been a fair fight. Id acted without thinking. My training had always been about defense and bang out against monsters. Honor had never really come up, but suddenly, it meant a lot to me. There was no honor in what I did t o him.Sonya said it wasnt your fault. Dimitris voice was still gentle, which somehow made me feel worse. I wished hed remonstrate me, confirming the guilt I felt. I wanted him to be my minute instructor. She said it was a backlash of spirit.It was . I paused, recalling the haze of that fight as best I could. I never really understood what Lissa experient in her worst moments until then. I just looked at Victor and I saw everything evil in the domain of a functionan evil I had to stop. He was bad, but he didnt deserve that. He never stood a chance. Honor, I kept thinking. What honor is there in that?You arent listening, Rose. It wasnt your fault. Spirits a powerful magic we barely understand. And its dark edge well, we know its exposed of terrible things. Things that cant be controlled. I lifted my eyes to his. I should have been stronger than it. There it was. The thought behind all my guilt, all these horrible emotions. I should have been stronger than it. I was weak. Dimitr is reassuring speech communication didnt come so quickly. You arent invincible, he said at last. No one expects you to be.I do. What I did I swallowed. What I did was unforgivable.His eyes widened in shock. That thats crazy, Rose. You cant punish yourself for something you had no power over.Yeah? Then wherefore are you stillI stopped because Id been about to accuse Dimitri of proceed to punish himself. Except he no longer was. Did he feel guilt for what hed done as a Strigoi? I was certain of it. Sonya had admitted as much. But somewhere in this journey, he had taken control of his life again, bit by bit. Shed told me that, but only now did I truly understand.When? I asked. When did it change? When did you realize you could keep living even after all that guilt?Im not sure. If the question surprised him, he hid it. His eyes were locked with mine, but they werent quite focused on me. The puzzle occupied him. In bits, really. When Lissa and Abe basic came to me about breaking y ou out, I was ready to do it because she asked me to. Then, the more I thought about it, the more I realized it was personal too. I couldnt stand the thought of you locked in a cell, being cut off from the gentlemans gentleman. It wasnt right. No one should live like that, and it occurred to me that I was doing the sameby choice. I was cutting myself off from the world with guilt and self-punishment. I had a second chance to live, and I was throwing it away.I was still in turmoil, still raging and full of grief, but his story kept me placid and transfixed. comprehend him pour his heart out was a rare opportunity.You comprehend me talk about this in the beginning, he continued. About my goal to appreciate lifes little details. And the more we continued on our journey, the more I remembered who I was. not just a fighter. Fighting is easy. Its why we fight that matters, and in the skittle alley that night with Donovan He shuddered. That was the moment I could have crossed over in to soulfulness who fights just to senselessly killbut you pulled me back, Rose. That was the turning point. You salvage me just as Lissa saved me with the stake. I knew then that in order to leave the Strigoi part of me behind, I had to fight through to be what theyarent. I had to embrace what they reject beauty, love, honor.Right then, I was two people. One was overjoyed. Hearing him talk like that, realizing he was fighting his demons and close to victory well, I nearly wept with joy. It was what Id wanted for him for so long. At the same time, his inspiring words only reminded me how far Id fallen. My sorrow and self-pity took over again.Then you should understand, I said bitterly. You just said it honor. It matters. We both know it does. Ive at sea mine. I lost it out there in the parking lot when I killed an innocent.And Ive killed hundreds, he said flatly. People much more innocent than Victor Dashkov.Its not the same You couldnt help it My feelings exploded to the sur lo cution again. Why are we restate the same things over and over? Because they arent sinking in You couldnt help it either. His persistence was conditioning. Feel guilty. Mourn this. But move on. Dont let it destroy you. discharge yourself.I leapt to my feet, catching him by surprise. I leaned down, putting us face to face. Forgive myself? Thats what you want? You of all people?Words seemed to escape him. I think it had to do with my proximity. He managed a nod.Then tell me this. You say you moved past the guilt, decided to revel in life and all that. I get it. But have you, in your heart, really set freen yourself? I told you a long time ago that I forgave you for everything in Siberia, but what about you? Have you done it?I just saidNo. Its not the same. Youre telling me to forgive myself and move on. But you wont do it yourself. Youre a hypocrite, comrade. Were either both guilty or both innocent. Pick.He rose as well, looking down at me from that lofty height. Its not that si mple.I crossed my arms over my tit, refusing to be intimidated. It is that simple. Were the same Even Sonya says we are. Weve always been the same, and were both acting the same stupid way now. We hold ourselves up to a higher standard than everyone else.Dimitri frowned. ISonya? What does she have to do with any of this?She said our auras match. She said we light up around each other. She says it mover you still love me and that were in sync, and I sighed and turned away, wandering across the room. I dont know. I shouldnt have mentioned it. We shouldnt buy into this aura stuff when it comes from magic users who are already half-insane.I reached the window and leaned my forehead against the cool glass, attempt to decide what to do. Forgive myself. Could I? A small city sprawled before me, though Id lost track of where we were. Cars and people moved below, souls out living their lives. I took a deep breath. The image of Victor on the pave was going to stay with me for a long, lo ng time. I had done something horrible, even if my intentions were good, but everyone was right I hadnt been myself. Did that change what had happened? Would that bring Victor back? No. And honestly, I didnt know how I would move past what Id done, how Id waggle the bloody images in my head. I just knew I had to go on.If I let this stop me, I murmured, if I do nothing then thats the greater evil. Ill do more good by surviving. By go on to fight and protect others.What are you saying? asked Dimitri.Im saying I forgive myself. That doesnt make everything perfect, but its a start. My fingertip traced the line of a tiny crack in the glasss surface. Who knows? Maybe that outburst in the parking lot let out some of the darkness Sonya says is in my aura. Skeptic that I am, I have to give her some points. She was right that I was at a breaking point, that all I needed was a spark.She was right about something else too, Dimitri said after a long pause. My back was to him, but there was a strange quality to his voice that made me turn around.Whats that? I asked.That I do still love you.With that one sentence, everything in the cosmos changed. Time slowed to one heartbeat. The world became his eyes, his voice. This wasnt happening. It wasnt real. None of it could be real. It felt like a spirit dream. I resisted the urge to close my eyes and see if Id wake up moments later. No. No matter how unbelievable it all seemed, this was no dream. This was real. This was life. This was flesh and blood.Since since when? I finally managed to ask.Since forever. His tone implied the answer was obvious. I denied it when I was restored. I had no room for anything in my heart except guilt. I especially felt guilty about youwhat Id doneand I pushed you away. I put up a wall to keep you safe. It worked for a whileuntil my heart finally started accepting other emotions. And it all came back. Everything I felt for you. It had never left it was just hidden from me until I was ready. And again that alley was the turning point. I looked at you saw your goodness, your hope, and your faith. Those are what make you beautiful. So, so beautiful.So it wasnt my hair, I said, unsure how I was even capable of making a joke at a time like this.No, he said gently. Your hair was beautiful too. All of you. You were amazing when we first met, and somehow, inexplicably, youve come even farther. Youve always been pure, raw energy, and now you control it. Youre the most amazing woman Ive ever met, and Im glad to have had that love for you in my life. I regret losing it. He grew pensive. I would give anythinganythingin the world to go back and change history. To run into your arms after Lissa brought me back. To have a life with you. Its too late, of course, but Ive accepted it.Why why is it too late?Dimitris eyes grew sad. Because of Adrian. Because youve moved on. No, listen, he said, cutting off my protests. You were right to do that after how I treated you. And more than anythi ng else, I want you to be happy once we clear your name and get Jill recognized. You said yourself that Adrian makes you happy. You said you love him.But you just said you love me. That you want to be with me. My words seemed clumsy, unworthy of his eloquence.And I told you Im not going to pursue another mans girlfriend. You want to talk honor? There it is in its purest form.I walked toward him, each step ramping up the tension around us. Dimitri kept saying the alley was his turning point. For me? It was now. I stood on the precipice of something that would change my life. For the last week, Id done a very good job of detaching myself from anything romantic with Dimitri. And yet had I? What was love, really? Flowers, chocolate, and poetry? Or was it something else? Was it being able to remove someones jokes? Was it having absolute faith that someone was there at your back? Was it well-educated someone so well that they instantly understood why you did the things you didand over lap those same beliefs?All week, Id claimed my love for Dimitri was fading. In reality, it had been growing more and more. I hadnt even realized it was happening. I had been re-establishing our old rapport, strengthening the connection. Reaffirming that of all the people in the worldeven LissaDimitri was the only one who truly gotme. Id meant it I loved Adrian. It was hard to imagine life without him, but my other words at the Mastranos had betrayed me I have fun with him. Now, you should have fun with the one you love, but that shouldnt have been what first came to mind. I should have said, We strengthen each other. Or, He makes me want to be a better person. Perhaps most importantly He understands me perfectly.But none of that was true, so I hadnt said those things. Id sought Adrian for comfort. His familiarity and humor were an important part of my world. And if he was in risk of exposure? Id throw my life before his, just as I would for Lissa. Yet, I didnt inspire him, not real ly. He was trying. He did want to be a better person, but at this moment in his life, his motivations were more about impressing othersabout impressing me. It wasnt for himself. That didnt make him bad or weak, but it made me his crutch. He would get past that, I was certain. He would eventually come into his own and be an amazing man, but he wasnt at that point of self-discovery yet. I was.I stood in front of Dimitri now, looking into those dark eyes again, the eyes I loved so much. I placed my hands on his chest, feeling his heart beating strong and steadyand maybe a bit faster than normal. Warmth spread through my fingertips. He reached up and caught hold of my wrists but didnt push me away. The lines of that gorgeous face looked strained as he fought some inner conflict, but now that I knewnow that I knew for sureI could see his love for me. Love mingled with desire. It was so, so obvious.You should have told me, I said. You should have told me this a long time ago. I love you. Ive never stopped loving you. You have to know that.His breath caught when I said I love you, and I could see his familiar struggle for control become an all-out war. It wouldnt have made any difference. Not with Adrian involved, he said. The fingers around my hand tightened slightly as though he really might push me away this time. He didnt. I mean it. I wont be that guy, Rose. I wont be that man who takes someone elses woman. Now, please. Let go. Dont make this any more difficult.I ignored the request. If hed wanted to get away from me, he could have. I splayed my fingers, touching more of his chest, drink in the feel of that warm contact Id missed for so long.I dont belong to him, I said in a low voice, move close to Dimitri and tilting my head back so that I could see his face clearly. So much emotion, so much conflict as his heart tried to decide right from wrong. Being pressed against him felt like completion. Sonya had said no couple could share one aura or one soul, but ours werent meant to be apart. They fit together like a puzzle, two individuals making something greater than themselves. I dont belong to anyone. I make my own choices.And youre with Adrian, said Dimitri.But I was meant for you.And that did it. Any pretense of control or reason either of us possessed melted away. The walls crumbled, and everything wed been holding back from each other came rushing out. I reached up, pulling us together for a kissa kiss he didnt let go this time. A kiss I didnt end by punching him. His arms encircled me as he lifted me onto the bed, one hand presently sliding along my hip and down to my leg, already half-bare, thanks to that scummy tattered dress. Every nerve in my body lit up, and I felt that desire returned in himand then some. After a world of death, he seemed to appreciate love more. Not only that, he needed it. He needed life. He needed menot just physically, but in the same way my heart and soul always cried out for him. What we did then, as our clothes came off and we brought our bodies together became more than just lusteven though there was plenty of that too.Being with him after so long, after everything wed endured it was like coming home. Like finally being wherewith whomI belonged. My world, my heart theyd shattered when I lost him. But as he looked at me, as his lips spoke my name and ran along my skin I knew those pieces could come back together. And I knew, with absolute certainty, that waiting for thisfor my second time having sexhad been the right thing to do. Anyone else, any other time it would have been wrong.When we finished, it was like we still couldnt get close enough. We held each other tightly, our limbs entwined, as though maybe closing the distance now would make up for the distance that had been between us for so long.I closed my eyes, my senses flood with him, and sighed dreamily. Im glad you gave in. Im glad your self-control isnt as strong as mine.This made him laugh, and I felt it rumbl e through his chest. Roza, my self-control is ten times stronger than yours.I opened my eyes, shifting to look into his. I brushed his hair back and smiled, certain my heart would expand and expand until there was nothing left of me. Oh yeah? Thats not the impression I just got. hold in until next time, he warned. Ill do things thatll make you lose control within seconds.That comment was just asking for a witty Rose Hathaway quip. It also made my blood burn, which was why we were both surprised when I unawares said, There may not be a next time.Dimitris hand, tincture the shape of my shoulder, froze. What? Why?We have a couple of things to do before this happens again.Adrian, he guessed.I nodded. And thats my problem, so put your honor-able thoughts aside. I have to face him and answer for this. I will. And you I couldnt believe what I was about to say. I couldnt believe I meant it. You still have to forgive yourself if were going to be together.His puzzled expression turned to p ain. RoseIm serious. I met his eyes unflinchingly. You have to forgive yourself. For real. Everyone else has. If you cant, then you cant go on either. We cant.It was one of the biggest gambles of my life. Once, I would have run to him without question, ignoring our problems, overjoyed just to be with him. Now after everything Id been through, Id changed. I loved him. I loved him so much, and I wanted him. But it was because of the strength of that love that I had to do this. If were going to be together, we had to do it the right way. Sex had been amazing, but it wasnt a magical cure for everything. Damn. someplace along the way, Id picked up common sense. I still intended to pose Adrian. And if Dimitri wouldnt do what I asked, I really would walk away. Id lose both men, but it was better to be alone with my self-respect than be in the wrong relationship.I dont know, Dimitri said at last. I dont know if I can if Im ready.Decide soon then, I said. You dont have to right this seco nd, but eventually I didnt push the topic after that. For now, I would let it go, though I knew he would hold onto it and grasp its importance. I knew I was right to stand by it too. He couldnt be happy with me if he wasnt happy with himself. It occurred to me then, as I stood up for myself and what I needed, that our old teacher-student roles were gone(a) forever. Now we really were equals.I rested my head on his chest and felt him relax. Wed bask in this moment, if only for a little longer. Sonya had said we needed rest, making me think we still had some time here before the ticking clock drove us back to Court. As Dimitri and I continued to keep close to one another, I found myself actually wanting to sleep. I was exhausted from the fightwhich, I realized, had taken a very unexpected turn. My guilt and despair over Victor and the explosion of spirit had taken their toll too, no matter the healing locket still around my neck. And yes, I thought with a small smile, I was simply ex hausted from what Dimitri and I had just done. It was kind of nice to use my body for something that didnt result in serious injury for a change.I fell asleep in his embrace, blackness wrapping around me as warmly as his arms. It should have been that simple. It should have been peaceful, happy rest. But as usual, I wasnt that lucky.A spirit dream pulled me from the enveloping depths of sleep, and for half a second, I thought maybe Robert Doru had come for me to take revenge for his brothers death.But, no. No vindictive Dashkov. Instead, I found myself staring into a pair of emerald- green eyes.Adrian.