Obama Care The Federal Legacy Health And Social Care Essay

The historical development of province wellness attention policies and their development to establishments of the present twenty-four hours has created an environment where the support of province wellness attention and its reform has been a focal point of citizens and governmental entities likewise. Recent province policy research and media focus frequently list the immense cost loads that states face to handle many of their uninsured citizens including the indigent and low-income persons, peculiarly those with important chronic medical conditions and viz. dialysis patients. Safety Net, or â€Å" Disproportionate Share, † Hospitals ( 1980s to 2009 ) Before 1981, Medicaid paid infirmaries with unreimbursed attention based on â€Å" sensible costs. † The disproportionately high costs of infirmary attention[ 1 ]caused Congress to acknowledge Disproportionate Share Hospitals ( DSH ) in the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act ( OBRA ) of 1981. DSHs are defined as those that serve preponderantly low-income patients, and as such, are public infirmaries that are entitled to federal aid. These DSH, or â€Å" Safety Internet † infirmaries, supply a broad assortment of attention. In 1987, the so Health Care Financing Administration[ 2 ]( HFCA ) released a survey that reviewed province DSH plans. As a consequence, Congress required provinces make payments to acknowledge DSH public infirmaries. In 1990, province discretion was increased in footings of their DSH plan designs. Different classs were allowed, but this increased DSH disbursement. By 1992, DSH disbursement cost $ 17.4 billion. As a consequence, Congress passed the Medicaid Voluntary Contribution and Provider-Specific Tax Amendments Act of 1991 to restrict funding of the non-federal portion and limited national sum DSH disbursement to 12 % of entire Medicaid disbursement. Further efforts to restrict DSH disbursement occurred in 1993, in the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, which reduced Medicare DSH payments by 8.6 % , and in the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003. In 2003, the Medicaid DSH Program funded 23 % of unreimbursed attention in the United States[ 3 ]. Projections indicate that $ 11.3 billion of the jutting $ 216 billion the federal authorities will pass on Medicaid in financial twelvemonth ( FY ) 2009 will be for DSH payments. This includes financess from ObamaCare ( Pete rs, Christie Provost, 2009 ) .Recent Attempts at Health Care ReformIn 1994, President Clinton attempted to go through the American Health Security Act without success. Harmonizing to one article, Business and insurance groups by and large opposed the reform bundle, while labour and the AARP supported Clinton ‘s measure. However, Clinton ‘s program was so comprehensive and complicated in the ways it might impact the dynamic wellness attention industry that some organisations changed sides during the legislative conflict and others splintered into opposing cabals ( Lowery, et al. , 2005 ) . In 1997, the Children ‘s Health Insurance Act ( CHIP ) plan was enacted. This plan provides insurance coverage for kids of low- to moderate-income places without private insurance. The plan is provided at both the federal and province ( SCHIP ) degrees as province legislative assemblies addressed wellness issues during the same clip. The legislative docket included prescription drug coverage, ordinance of managed attention, and cosmopolitan coverage, with different results than at the national degree ( IBID ) . The 50 provinces passed over 900 different Torahs modulating managed attention, between 1995 and 2001 as reported by the NCSL[ 4 ]. Health attention comprises a big part of province budgets ; multiple groups anteroom for Medicaid, SCHIP, public employees ‘ wellness insurance, and other wellness attention support. In 2003, President Bush expanded Medicare to include prescription drug coverage[ 5 ]. Massachusetts Health Care Reform In 2006, Massachusetts enacted wellness attention reforms, which were frequently touted by advocates of ObamaCare. The Massachusetts â€Å" carrot and stick † attack of single authorizations, coupled with a province tally insurance â€Å" exchange, † enables the uninsured to buy portable insurance at regulated/affordable rates. As of 2010, 97 % of Massachusetts occupants have wellness insurance ( see Appendix 6: Percentage of Massachusetts Residents without Health Insurance ) , with greater Numberss of employers offering wellness insurance than the national norm[ 6 ]. â€Å" MassHealth, † is the agencies by which the province provides comprehensive medical coverage, with eligibility standards for up to 300 % of the federal poorness degree ( FPL )[ 7 ]for low-income occupants and persons with disablements. Harmonizing to the Governor ‘s FY2011 budget, $ 9.84 billion is included for MassHealth Medicaid plans, an addition of 6.5 % from FY2010 ( see Appendix 7: MassHealth Average Enrollment ) . For those occupants who can non afford wellness insurance, Commonwealth Care provides wellness insurance for persons up to 300 % of the FPL with a full subsidy for those under 100 % of the FPL through a â€Å" to the full capitated insurance theoretical account[ 8 ]â€Å" . As of FY2010, over 150,000 occupants were enrolled, with a FY2011 budget of $ 838 million that includes a jutting 20,000 member enrollment addition. MassCare includes a $ 40 million Commonwealth Care Bridge for legal immigrants populating in the United States under five old ages. Massachusetts ‘ reform attempts ( Massachusetts Act, Chapter 58 of the Acts of 2006 ) have been both a success and a failure. Evidence of success reveal that in 2008, 96 % of occupants were estimated to hold wellness insurance. There were additions in insurance coverage reported across every population and conformity with the single authorization is high, with about 1 % of grownups assessed a punishment for disobedience ( Long, 2010 ) . Evidence of failure indicates the undermentioned ( Samuelson, 2010 ) : the province subsidizes insurance for people with incomes up to 300 % the federal poorness line ( FPL ) ; the easy portion – spread outing state-subsidized insurance coverage – succeeded ; the difficult portion – controlling costs and guaranting that passing improves people ‘s wellness – failed. Emergency suites are still as crowded, and that take place wage is being squeezed because of the coverage costs. Additionally, costs have shifted aut horities precedences from public safety, instruction, substructure, and lower revenue enhancements to wellness attention as the province budget went from 22 % for wellness attention to 35 % , of which 90 % of that is Medicaid. MassCare besides provides a Health Care Finance and Policy Division Health Safety Net ( HSN ) , once known as the Uncompensated Care Pool. HSN reimburses infirmaries and other Safety Net medical suppliers for low-income patients who are uninsured or underinsured. The payments for Safety Net suppliers decreased from 2007 to 2009 ( Appendix 8: Health Safety Net Payments Compared to Hospital Payments ) due to expanded wellness insurance coverage for occupants[ 9 ]. This lessening in Safety Net reimbursements may be a positive index for cost recovery at UMC. As patients obtain insurance, UMC may be able to better measure the insurance suppliers for attention provided, but it is excessively shortly to state if this will be a factor as patients may choose to pay the punishment of being uninsured instead than pay the higher premiums for wellness insurance. Round 2 of Massachusetts ‘ Health Reform attempted to turn to cost containment, but cost nest eggs obtained by Massachusetts ‘ wellness attention reform are overshadowed by growing in wellness attention outgos ( see Appendix 9: Growth in Health Spending in MA Expected to Surpass Other Economic Indicators Index of Health Expenditures Per Capita and Other Indexs in MA, 1991-2020 ) . Cost containment attempts outpace the province ‘s attempts to fit grosss to outgos. Harmonizing to the Governor ‘s FY2011 budget, â€Å" Experts believe that about 30 % of today ‘s wellness attention disbursement produces no benefit to patientsaˆÂ ¦we pass a significant sum of money per twelvemonth on preventable and unneeded exigency room visits, hospitalizations and readmissions, while the United States has the doubtful differentiation of taking the universe in duplicative medical trials[ 10 ]â€Å" and that farther payment reform is needed to incorporate these costs.

Energy Self Sufficiency Leading To Carbon Credits Environmental Sciences Essay

Carbon credits are tradable license strategies in conformity with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change besides called as UNFCC.This schems gives the holder a right to emanation of one equivalent of metric ton of C dioxide. They provide a mechanism which efficaciously reduces the nursery gas emanations and therefore leting to gain through the emanation decrease. In rural countries, India has immense potency to gain emanation allowances through the proviso of domestic energy which is replacing based. They besides have fuel switching undertakings like solar cookers, biogas, solar cells and chullahs which are smoke free This survey proposes a general mathematical theoretical account that assesses the economical viability and potency of CDM Programme Matic a.k.a the Clean Development Mechanism which is developed on biogas undertaking for energy at families to supply autonomy in rural parts of India. statistical analysis have been used to rank the design variables. The research survey theoretical account is based on 10 small towns in Jhunjhunu, a territory of Rajasthan, India covering a population of about 31,000 people. The collected for the research intent is secondary informations. This theoretical account is applicable to all small towns in India. It is possible to cipher the figure programmatic CDM is based on the household system of the biogas undertaking. Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, December 11, 1997 and entered into force February 16, 2005. 180 states have ratified to day of the month. It aims to cut down nursery gas emanations by 5.2 % compared to 1990 degrees during the five old ages 2008-2012. Developed states are classified in Annex 1-countries and is bound by the Protocol, while developing states classified as non-Annex 1-countries that have ratified the Protocol are non bound lawfully by the extension. The Kyoto Protocol provides three mechanisms: Joint execution ( JI ) , Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) and The International Emissions Trading ( IET ) . In conformity with the CDM, Annex 1 states can run into their decrease marks by implementationof emanation decrease undertakings in developing states under non-Annex 1. A CER ( certified emanation decreases ) is issued by the Board of CDM undertakings in developing states which is a certification that certifies emanations have been reducedby one metric ton of C equivalentinternal-di-oxide every twelvemonth. Annex 1 states buy these CERs to run into their mark of emanation decrease. Under the Joint Implementation ( JI ) , an supplement, a party may implement a undertaking that enhances remotions from sinks in other states or canimplement projectsto cut down emanation in another states. ERUs ( emanation decrease units ) can be used to accomplish these aims. Harmonizing to the International Emissions Trading Scheme ( EIT ) mechanism, states can merchandise their extra credits on the international market for C credits to states with committednesss to quantify restriction of emanation and decrease of emanation as per the Kyoto Protocol.India is considered one of the biggest donees of C trading among the developing states, through the execution Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) ._2. Methodology2.1. BackgroundGlobal heating is due to greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) that are captured in the ambiance. The tabular array shows the planetary heating ( GW ) of gas potency. Greenhouse gas emanations are powerful: C di-oxide, methane, azotic oxide, hydroflourocarbons, perflourocarbons and sulphur hexaflouride. CERs awarded = Tons of GHG reduced X GW potency of the gas ( metric dozenss of C ) aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ ( 1 ) Table 1: Global warming potency of gases CDM undertakings are intended to be a lever for sustainable development [ 1, 2 ] . The consequences of the CDM undertaking has beendirected to sustainable development standards of the host state. Clearance of the National CDM Authority sustainability in India is spearheaded by the Union Environment and Forests. The basic rules of sustainable development, economic prosperity, environmental wellbeing and prosperity of the engineering. Reporting Program under the CDM is a new attack to the development of CDM undertakings registered with UNFCCC in a Plan of Action ( plan activities ) . This action is voluntary and a public private entity coordinates it, This consists of an CDM undertaking activities ( CPA ) which are unlimited in figure. An Action Plan can be constituted either by big or little CPA CPA. All undertakings under the Programme of Action must hold an implementing entity approved by the host DNA ( Designated National Authority ) . The plan activities of the bill of exchange declaration is limited to steps or enterprises in which activities that induce nursery gas decrease and the evidences of emanations can be identified and verified more clearly. Therefore, a policy that would extinguish fossil fuels or implementing a national cap and trade is non frequently considered a bill of exchange plan unless the actions applied are non identifiable clearly as attributable measuring and verifiable ex station [ 3 ] . The nucleus appears as a CDM Program is: They are the consequence of a calculated plan that is either working in the public sector or private sector enterprise. Plan consequences in a broad scope of disparate activities that have benn introduced by the plan and will non go on, but for following the plan. Actions that cut down nursery gases do non needfully happen at the same time. Type, size and timing of actions to cut down emanations caused by the plan might be unknown during the clip of undertaking enrollment.2.2. ExecutionThe methodological analysis of execution of the research is shown in Figure 1 The method involved the executing of the undermentioned stages:2.2.1. Survey – 1The research is based on the informations collected via the secondary beginnings which involves the probe and survey of bing energy beginnings and energy demands across Pilani and the small towns nearby in its first phase.2.2.1.1. Choice of small townsThe secondary informations Si via the 10 small towns studies conducted covering the territory of Jhunjhunu in Rajasthan, India. The choice of small towns was had a sample infinite which was diverse in nature and took the undermentioned factors into history: Context of people in economic footings Village occupants Background Based on the parametric quantities, 10 small towns near the metropolis Jhunjhunu territory, Rajasthan, India were selected. Dhandar Jherli Kazi Kulhariyon ka Baaz Likhowa Naurangpura Nuhand Raila Baas Thirpali.Figure 1: Methodology of Execution2.2.2.Study of UNFCCC methodological analysissClean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) , the methods of little under the UNFCCC relevant in the small towns above the selected energy industries ( renewable and nonrenewablein sector-1, waste direction and disposal in sector-15, agribusiness ( sector-13 ) and have been detailed.2.2.3. Choice of family based biogas workssBiogas has been found the best solution for the demand of rural India ‘s turning energy and supply of energy is deficient. Biogas workss have the great possible to do money from C credits and from all other solutions that are possible such as solar, air current, etc.2.2.4.Survey – 2Survey-2 was done in the small towns themselves Survey-1. This survey includes an appraisal of the parametric quantities of economic viability and feasibleness of Programmatic CDM is based on the biogas undertaking.2.2.5. Development of generalized mathematical theoretical accountOn the observ ations and analysis of the Survey-2 A a mathematical theoretical account was formulated which was general in nature. This was done to measure the economic viability of a CDM plan Matic family biogas undertaking in operation.3. Consequences and Discussions3.1. Research Surveys3.1.1. Survey – 1The the first was done with the end and the visit was to reexamine the beginnings of energy presently used and energy demands of the villagers. The parametric quantities that were calculated through the first study were: Main fuel for cookery. The mean fuel ingestion per twenty-four hours. The mean distance travelled by each twenty-four hours to acquire fuel for cookery. Entree to hours of electricity a twenty-four hours. Plants of family electricity ingestion and day-to-day energy.3.1.2. Survey – 2Biogas should be set up to back up programmatic CDM undertaking. Estimated parametric quantities in the 2nd survey were: W – A Will to put in a biogas works. the appraisal was done on a graduated table of 1-10 on the footing of a questionnaire. C – Fuel cost per twenty-four hours per family in the INR. P – Appraisal on a graduated table of 1-5 of a Prior cognition of biogas workss E -The ratio of the energy required for readying of family and the household members. A – Income per twelvemonth per family in the INR. N – Cattles owned by each family The mentioned standards are decisive for a biogas palnt undertaking execution.3.2. ObservationsThe Figure2 shows the consequence for Dhandar small town for the reading of informations collected via secondary study. Figure 2: The parametric quantities of observation in the Dhandar small town. Figure 2-a: The parametric quantity W – willingness to put, is being rated on the graduated table of 1-10 for the set of observations from the small town. Figure 2-b: The parametric quantity C – cost of fuel, is being calculated for each household for the set of observations from the small town. Figure 2-c: The parametric quantity A – income per twelvemonth per household ( in INR in 1000s ) , is being calculated for each household for the set of observations from the small town. Figure 2-d: The parametric quantity E – energy required by each household, is being calculated for each household for the set of observations from the small town. Figure 2-e: The parametric quantity N – cowss owned by each family, is being calculated for each household for the set of observations from the small town. Figure 2-f: The parametric quantity P – subsequent cognition of the biogas works, is being rated on the graduated table of 1-5 for the set of observations from the small town. On the similar evidences, the information was collected for the other nine small towns and analysis was done.3.3. Description of mathematical theoretical accountThe footing of information gathered in the survey-2, a numerical theoretical account was formulated with 1 employee, and five independent variables [ 4 ] . The handiness of investment-W is the dependent variable and independent parametric quantities, the figure of cowss per household-N, the one-year income, anterior cognition of biogas workss, energy PE demand, the monetary value of fuel-C are independent variables. W = degree Fahrenheit ( A, P, C, E, N ) aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . ( 2 ) W = 0.189 x ln [ ( A ) 2 + 1.216 ] + 0.541P + 0.287 ten e0.178C + 0.134 x ( 0.312 x E2 + 1.147 x E ) + 0.201 ten ln ( 2.916 x N ) aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ ( 3 ) Where, W – A Will to put in a biogas works. the appraisal was done on a graduated table of 1-10 on the footing of a questionnaire. C – Fuel cost per twenty-four hours per family in the INR. P – Appraisal on a graduated table of 1-5 of a Prior cognition of biogas workss E -The ratio of the energy required for readying of family and the household members. A – Income per twelvemonth per family in the INR. N – Cattles owned by each family Benchmark sizes for household-based biogas leaf in India, 1m3, 2m3, 3m3 and 4m3 severally. But took the on the whole accepted 3m3 DeenBandhu fixed dome biogas works theoretical account, which has sold more units in India. His power is sufficient to run into basic energy demands of the kitchen for a household in India. Co-relation between the size and has earned the enfranchisement Certified 1.26 per three-dimensional metre in the figure of fixed dome type biogas works. This is calculated utilizing the UNFCCC, small-scale methodological analysis AMS-III.R [ 5 ] applies to the territory Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India.3.4. Model applicationThe map gives the value of willingness to put in a family biogas works, which lies in the scope of 1 to 10. With this value, it is possible to gauge the figure of old ages the biogas works should be sustained to do the undertaking economically executable. The theoretical account application is as follows: For a peculiar family the willingness to put calculated from the proposed mathematical theoretical account is- † K † where K is an whole number from 1-10. The cost of a 3m3 Deenbandhu biogas works is INR 11,000 ( including installing cost ) . The figure of CERs ( Certified Emission Reductions ) per biogas works of size 3cum is 3.48 [ 5 ] .3.5. Sensitivity AnalysisThe order parametric quantity scope for each parametric quantity was calculated utilizing Eq. 4. aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. ( 4 )__This rank order parametric quantity indicates whether we are negociating positive important extra costs for big negative or little positive extra incremental costs for little extra negative [ 6 ] . The sensitiveness analysis on the map it was found that energy demand has been puting the highest rank of the parametric quantity ( Fig. 3 ) . Parameters such as fuel cost and anterior cognition was besides important. Parameters, viz. the figure of cowss and the mean monthly income is less dominant than other parametric quantities known in progress, the monetary value of fuel and energy demands. Calculations for a sample family in rural India with the following parametric quantities: Annual Income = INR 13200 Cpst of fuel per twenty-four hours = INR 7 Number of Cattle = 2 Prior cognition of Biogas workss = 3.5 Energy Needs = 6 From the mathematical theoretical account, the willingness to put is calculated to be, k = 6.99. Therefore the figure of old ages, the works should be sustainable = 2.81 old ages. Sum of money paid by the husbandman: ( R/10 ) x 11000. Accessory cost per biogas works including CDM enrollment cost, DOE confirmation cost, care cost is assured to be 20 % of each biogas works cost. Effective cost of each biogas works = INR 13200. Sum of money to be got from C credits = [ ( 10-k ) x 13200 ] /10 The monetary value of CERs = 10USD = INR 447.4 The figure of old ages the biogas works should be sustained = [ ( 10 – Roentgen ) x 13200 ] / [ 10 x 447.2 x3.48 ] Figure 3: Senstivity Analysis Willingness to put in a biogas works Investing will depend on the parametric quantities of one-year income, preliminary informations, the cost of fuel, it needs energy and the figure of animate beings. While the rural population in India will hold an acute energy crisis, the willingness to put in renewable energy such as biogas is important. They are easy to raw cow droppings, and proficient aid expertness to run the staff of families in biogas workss. This besides saves the cost of procurance of fuel per twenty-four hours as wood, coal, kerosine, etc. Unlike community biogas works, which will confront many obstructions for the installing and the production of biogas can be used in personal considerations of the household. The preparedness to put ( W ) in biogas depends on the undermentioned parametric quantities: Energy demands: Energy demands is the most dominant factor in the willingness to put in biogas workss in rural India. Energy needs is considered straight relative to the figure of people at place that is about 6 in rural India. electricity supply in most parts of rural India is limited to 6-8 hours per twenty-four hours. The current energy beginnings are deficient to run into turning energy demands of rural India. Hence the desire invest in a biogas works which serves as an first-class alternate beginning of energy is really high. Cost of fuel: The cost of fuel is besides a cardinal variable in the willingness to put in biogas workss in rural India. Due to miss of power and the turning energy demands, alternate energy beginnings such as kerosine, coal and wood became expensive. Spend a important part of their limited income on fuel markets is earnestly impacting the quality of life of rural India. When the fuel cost becomes a dominant parametric quantity willingness to put in a biogas works. Anterior Knowledge: Prior cognition of the biogas works is besides a dominant variable in the willingness of invest.The anterior cognition was assessed on the footing of a questionnaire on a graduated table of 1 to 5 The deficiency of anterior cognition was a major obstruction in the spread of biogas workss in rural India. Therefore, prior cognition has a important part in the will put. Annual Income: The mean one-year income of rural India is low compared to their urban India. Consequently, the rural multitudes are non able to exchange to more expensive beginnings of energy such as LPG ( liquefied crude oil gas ) . The sum to be invested in the biogas works is low-cost for the rural multitudes and carnal fecal matters entry demands is available at a nominal cost. Therefore the part of the twelvemonth grosss for the constitution of the will to put is non important. If the income from C credits is included, the importance of one-year income to cut down farther. Number of cowss: India has 289 million cowss [ 7 ] , and as a consequence of cow droppings are widely available and a nominal monetary value. As a consequence, fewer cows does non impact the handiness of household to put significantly.3.6. Mistake AnalysisValuess predicted by the theoretical account mistake is about 10 % ( Figure 4 ) . This suggests that the theoretical account is much more accurate. There are five sets of informations that is outside this border of mistake of 10 % . These are the random mistakes due to defective observations. Figure 4: Mistake Analysis aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ ( 5 ) The standard divergence ( SD ) is calculated by the undermentioned expression, aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ ( 6 ) The mean per centum mistake is 0.17468341 and the standard divergence is 0.076910884. DecisionThis theoretical account can be applied to all small towns in India, to cipher the figure of old ages, families programmatic CDM undertaking based on the biogas must be maintained so that the returns from the sale of C accumulated by the undertaking makes the undertaking economically feasible. The parametric quantities used to cipher the willingness to put in biogas can be obtained straight from the Census of India. The proviso of agencies to put in biogas workss to run into turning energy demands of small towns in Jhunjhunu territory, Rajasthan, India, is high. The mean value of 6.64 is ready to put in a graduated table of 1 to 10. So that the willingness to put average = 6.64, for many old ages, the biogas works would be to accomplish sustainable profitableness = 3.14 old ages. Demand for energy is the most dominant factor in the willingness to put in a biogas works. It besides means that rural India is presently confronting a immense energy shortage. Cost of fuel and knows the significance through Before the willingness to put in a biogas works. The one-year figure of cowss and is comparatively less with regard to the willingness to put. Outgo on fuel nest eggs through the permutation of biogas is non taken into history. If this sum is included, the biogas works undertaking on the family becomes more economically advantageous.

Miguel Cabrera

INTRO: As most of you guys know, I really enjoy statistics so when Miguel Cabrera won the Triple Crown this year, I instantly knew what I was going to inform you guys about. What makes this even better is that I have been a tigers fan all my life and he is my favorite baseball player of all time. With made his season really incredible in my eyes is that he changed positions to 3B before the season to welcome his good friend from Milwaulkee, Prince Fielder. FIRST SLIDE: Explain them and how this year he has only beat his other year’s statistics in 3 of the 5 categories.SECOND SLIDE: How close it was in each stat. * Home Runs: Granderson/Hamilton needed just 2 more HRs out of their 596/562 ABs * RBIswas the frathest stat away. Hamilton was 11 back but 3rd place had 110 (Willingham-Min) * Batting average: Mike Trout needed just 8 more hits out of his 559 Abs THIRD SLIDE: â€Å"Most of you are going to ask how Miguel Cabrera couldn’t possibly win the AL MVP after becoming the first triple crown winner since 1967 but there is actually a chance that he doesn’t.It also wouldn’t be the first time a triple crown winner lost the MVP. Frank Robinson lost the MVP race the year that he won the triple crown. † * Miguel was 14th player to win triple crown * 1st in slugging percentage, 2nd in hits, 7th in doubles, 4th in OBP * Mike Trout was the first player to ever have 30 HR, 45 SB, and 125 R. * 1st in SB, 1st in wins above replacement, 1st in runs by 20 runs, 3rd in OBP The MVP is announced November 18th so we won’t know who won it for another 34 days.ENDING * Miguel Cabrera * Triple Crown Winner * First since 1967 (Carl Yastrzemski) * AL Most Valuable Player? * Detroit Tigers * AL Central Champions * Beat the White Sox by 3 games * American League Division Series Winners * 3-2 over the athletics * American League Championship Series * Up 2-0 in best of 7 over the Yankees FINAL LINE: â€Å"Overall I hope you have learned more about the Detroit Tigers 3B Miguel Cabrera and how one of a kind his season really was and how it still isnt over yet. †

Discuss at least two of the U.S. Supreme Court rulings in regards to Essay

Discuss at least two of the U.S. Supreme Court rulings in regards to the death penalty and how it has impacted capital punishment in the United States - Essay Example In fact, it was against the 8th Amendment of the United States Constitution. In the case of Kennedy v. Louisiana, 554 U.S. 407 (2008), involving the rape of a 12 year old girl by his stepfather, the ruling was against the death penalty. It was argued that one should not be sentenced to death since the victim did not die. They laid out debate that it was unfair to kill such a criminal since it was not a capital offense compared to other cases involving outright murder. There is a trend showing that with the passing of time, capital punishments had to be revised so as to allow justice and consistency in the rulings of court. No evidence has shown that the death penalty had an effect on the rate of crime in any state. This was because, if anything, it contributed to murder at all levels and the devaluation of human

Textual analysis about What Every Soldier Should Know Essay

Textual analysis about What Every Soldier Should Know - Essay Example The atmosphere that the reader gets into at first is the ever-present threat of death and the psychologically torturing situations of the American soldiers on their daily life.In this text, Brian Turner uses figurative language, clichà © and other textual strategies to capture the attention of the reader and make the poem more meaningful as well as clear. I will analyze these strategies and the emotions they present to the reader. In the first stanzas, the author narrates about some common practices, which according to the title of this poem is something that every soldier should know about it. In addition, this inspires the reader to feel that these instructions are a way of showing respect to the Arabic culture and that the soldiers must be familiar with this culture as well as the optimum techniques to deal with it. According to the writer â€Å"If you hear gunfire on a Thursday afternoon, it could be for a wedding, or it could be for you.† (Turner, 609).The author mentions some Arabic practices that are present in the Arabic world such as use of gunfire celebration in the wedding, which the foreigners may misunderstand and act in the wrong way, in the process causing serious problems to the American soldiers. This stanza represents the Arab culture in general and every soldier should know about it.The atmosphere that the readers create when they read this stanza, is that there are some common cultu ral practices that the soldiers should know about the Arabic world which normally are not acknowledged. Since they are so close to the Arabic cultural practices daily, the American soldiers must know that they are strangers to this world and they ought to deal with these practices in a proper way to avoid any severe consequences. My take here is that the American soldiers ought to learn this atmosphere and respect others. The author uses some words to represent a common phrase, which help the soldiers to be in the safe side in the Arabic world. Furthermore, this

CRITIQUE of 1 out of 4 FILMS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CRITIQUE of 1 out of 4 FILMS - Essay Example Maria searches for Kynaston to learn more about the craft of acting. What they find in each other is something that they never found on stage – love. The basic human drive that motivates Hughes’ and Kynaston’s behavior, I think, is the need for acceptance and search for identity. Kynaston grew up being trained to portray female roles in the theater. It was on stage that he found his identity regardless of the roles he played. King Charles II’s proclamation indirectly detached Kynaston from his true being, leaving him searching for his identity. Hughes, meanwhile, was an aspiring actress who struggled to find her identity on stage. Although considered a star in her own right, Hughes needed an affirmation and validation for her acting skills which she struggled to get on stage. The film â€Å"Stage Beauty† shows the fine artistry in portraying roles that are alien to one’s being, as in Kynaston’s portrayal of female roles. Acting like a man or a woman on stage can be learned through years of training and hard work. The stage, therefore, is the place where these various roles are performed and lived out. The stage’s appeal lies in the illusion and trickery conjured by its performers who act out different roles. Like the society from which we play a part (whether as a mother, a son, or a lover, for instance), the world is our very own stage where these gender roles are played out, or rather, performed to maintain the trickery and illusion which separate one gender from the other. The film, as this paper argues, breaks the artifice of gender roles by showing precisely that these roles are performances rather than naturally occurring through one’s identity. Moreover, the film challenges society’s definition of how a ma n or a woman should be and invites us to transcend the differences between gender roles. The film’s elements (mise-en-scene, cinematography, editing, music, and

Criminal Justice (Probation & Parole) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Justice (Probation & Parole) - Essay Example However, prison authorities over the years have continued to utilize this labor to their advantage by selling work force to privately owned manufacturing companies, a fact that has attracted a lot of criticism in the past. This is done through contracting and leasing. The contract system of exploiting convict labor for example involved the entering into a deal by prison authorities, with private industries such as garment manufacturers who paid money to the state so that they can be allowed to use prisoners as their laborers (Lichtenstein, 2000). It was considered to be an unfair process especially since these prisoners were subjected to normal or even worse working conditions than workers outside prisons, but were hardly compensated for their efforts. Prison facilities were used as premises for conducting these activities meaning that contactors had to supply the prisons with necessary raw materials and equipment as well as supervisors to oversee the production processes. The convict lease system on the other hand involved letting prisoners out of the prisons during the day to go and work for private companies, and then return them to their cells in the evening (Lichtenstein, 2000). Some of the companies that participated in this arrangement included and not limited to miners, rail and road constructors and large scale farmers among others. As with the contract system, convicts in this system worked for free leaving the state and the businesses to enjoy the fruits of their labor. This form of arrangement came to being mainly after the liberation and banishing of slave trade, which left companies with a huge deficit in their work force. In the US for example, it is believed that this system started in Texas at around the year 1883 but after constant criticism, especially due to the inhumane treatment of convict laborers by their masters, it was abolished in the

SOCIAL CONTEXT OF HEALTH Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SOCIAL CONTEXT OF HEALTH - Outline Example Once every individual takes care of his/her health in a community, it will lead to a healthy community. Most minor cases of illnesses are treated and can be managed at home. The traditional approach of health has become common in the day to day world (Helman, 1978). In the past, illnesses were believed to be a result of satanic possessions or witches. Good health was brought about by balance in people, which included a balanced diet, exercises and sleep. If you got sick, it meant there was some imbalance (Heaman and Hardy, 2002). The theory of Miasma, developed in mid-17th century, leads to the interest of improving hygiene and sanitation. It resulted from poisonous gases that came from decayed matters in the soil and stagnant water and unhealthy jobs (Hardy, 1999). It made people be careful of their environment and make it clean and clear stagnant water. Helman’s work was based on the concept of ‘feed a cold, starve a fever’. Changes in temperature for example a fever is seen as ones carelessness (Helman, 1978). If a person exposes him or herself to cold, rainy weather he is bound to get sick so if people keep warm when needed it can prevent infection and for those who already get a cold can manage the sickness at home by resting in bed and eating and drinking hot food and drinks(Hardy, 1999). Helmans work tried to explain treatment in a lay-man’s language instead of scientific ways that are complicated to understand especially for ordinary people (Helman, 1978). Although sickness at times is beyond our control, the best way of preventing sickness and promoting health is by people to take responsibility of their own health. Hardy, A. (1999). Edwin Chadwick Revisited Christopher Hamlin, Public health and social justice in the age of Chadwick: Britain, 1800–1854, Cambridge History of Medicine series, Cambridge University Press, 1998. Medical History, 43(2),

Semiotic analysis of articles on nancy grace's coverage of the casey Essay

Semiotic analysis of articles on nancy grace's coverage of the casey anthony trial - Essay Example In considering Nancy Grace’s coverage of the Casey Anthony murder trial commentators have resorted to a number of semiotic trends. One of the major indications is the signification of Grace as sensationalistic. In these regards, nearly all commentators identified Grace’s post-trial speech where she stated, â€Å"somewhere out there the devil is dancing tonight† (Williams). Commentators have also frequently indicated the characterization Grace has given the defendants, referring to Casey Anthony as ‘tot mom’. Grace is even argued to extend the truth to achieve this sensationalism. Williams notes, â€Å"She talks about speaking the truth, yet weaves elaborate fictions of a champagne-popping defense team† (Williams). In these regards, one of the primary significations of Grace’s commentary is the sensationalism that is implemented in her characterization of trial proceedings. Another of the overriding media trends is the indication that Grace constitutes a sort of extra-jury form of commentary. Consider Bauder, who points out a lawyer who believes, â€Å"Grace has undermined respect for the jury system the way she has spoken out against the Anthony verdict. She said she’s worried that someone who disagrees with the verdict, whipped up by Grace’s disgust, will harm some of the jurors† (Bauder). In these regards, the signification of Grace as this sort meta-judicial participant imbues her with power that generally is not attributable to media commentators. In addition to these earlier significations, Grace has also been signified going outside bounds of truth. Indeed, one of the consistent significations of Grace is as this ‘truth extender’. It seems the underlining signifier is that Grace extends the truth to achieve media ends and higher ratings for her cable commentary show. One such example of this is in the interview Grace gave to FOX News commentator Bill O’Reilly. While O’Reilly seemingly asks questions without an

Group Psychology Essay Example for Free

Group Psychology Essay Irwin Mansdorf in his article The Psychology Framework of Suicide Terrorism brings out another aspect of group psychology in an attempt to explain what has motivated various groups and their members to be involved in suicide bombing e disagrees with those portraying The Palestinians suicide bombers as desperate rot who are driven by their suicidal motives. He feels that individual psychopathology does not play any important role in this case. (Mansdart, I 2003) Group dynamics are responsible in reinforcing behavior within these people’s culture where those who carry out suicide bombing are seen as heroes where their faces are displayed in the open for every one to see and their immediate families are handsomely rewarded for their sons bravely and commitment to serve the community. The families are rewarded with great respect and financial considerations. (Bloom, M 2004) Suicide in the clinical sense may be directly related to personal psychological state at the time of committing the acts. In the case of suicide of suicide bombing, Irwin has observed that there is no close relationship with personal clinical psychopathology. He believes hat these people are drawn by the political and nationalistic aspects advocated by their groups. (Mansdart, I 2003) Kamikaze pilots used this tactic to attack American in the pacific during the Second World War. Several researches carried out have not pointed that the pilots were suicidal rather they are seen as people who were driven by a strong desire to fight for their country. They never at any time display any signs of abnormal behavior which could have led to suicide. The letters Kamikaze pilots wrote to their families show that they were calm and in a peaceful state before they carried out the misson. Their expectations beyond death served as the motivational factor for them to fight the enemy knowing that they have served the nation and they will be heavily be rewarded in the life after. (Mansdart, I 2003) A closer look at the Tamil tigers brings out the same picture; the group has been responsible for the most suicide bombing carried out by any organization in the world. Those who carry out these activities are fighters who have are well trained and fully dedicated to their cause. In all the cases the group chooses volunteers based on their record as fighters. Those who are involved in the suicide bombing are not described as victims of any psychological condition which can drive them to volunteer to participate in this activity but rather they are drawn by great dedication to serve their group and to a large extent liberate their people from the yokes of occupation. (Bloom, M 2004) In most cases of suicide bombing according to Irwin observation the purpose of mission is rarely due to desperation or hopelessness. The suicide bombers were focused drawing inspiration from nationalism and large the group identity. Irwin explains that group pressure and identity inspires a suicide bomber into action. They are manipulated ,brainwashed and made to believe that after carrying out the mission they will be honored as martyrs, their families will be recognizes and reward greatly. The recruits are never allowed to leave denying the m an opportunity to back down from the mission. (Mansdart, I 2003) Recruitment The number of organizations carrying out attacks has increased in the recent past. These organizations are found in almost all the corners of the world. This increase also means the number of recruits needed to carry out the suicide attacks is on the rise. According to the latest statistics more than forty countries in the world have experienced suicide bombing attacks since 1980s. It is estimated that there are sixty known groups which employ suicide bombing as a fighting technique. (Reuter, C 2004) Despite an increase in the number of organization employing this tactic, there have been no shortages of people of people who are willing to put their lives on the line for the sake of the organization or cause they believe in. There has been an upward surge in the number of suicide bombings in the recent past, this means that the number of people who are willing to die for what they believe in has also increased. (Kramer, M 1991) Recruits in suicide bombing are drawn from a variety of backgrounds. There has been a perception that people who are involved are usually psychopaths, insane or poor but this is not the case. Most of those who have been recruited are usually well educated, relatively rich. These are people who ready to sacrifice their lives for a cause and are more than willing to go to any length to kill themselves. In the recent past trends have been changing where even children have been involved in suicide bombings. As the Middle East conflict escalate militants groups in Palestine are actively involved in recruitment of young people. One of the groups Al aqsa-intifada has been actively involved in the recruitment of children as suicide bombers. Other groups which have been employing the same mode are the Popular Front for Liberation of Palestine, Fatah, Hamas and Islamic Jihad. Hamas are known to run kindergartens, where children are taught all the tactics and the need to sacrifice their souls for the sake of their people. These children in the kindergarten are made to believe that they are the holy martyrs in making. (Shay, S 2003) There are several factors that qualify one as a recruit for suicide bombing recruit. A number of organizations in the Middle East take into consideration ones religion. It has been noted that almost all the recruits who have participated in the Palestinians suicide bombings are staunch Muslims. Once a new recruit is taken in especially children they are taken in for an intensive training which involves reciting of the Koran. Therefore knowledge of Koran becomes very crucial in taking in the recruits. Criminal record also plays a significant role in the selection of those who are to take part in any given task as far as these groups are concerned. Those who have a clean criminal record are first considered for the task, this is because they attract little attention from the authorities therefore carrying out their mission successfully. (Reuter, C 2004) This is a policy that has been employed by the Hamas and the Hezbollah groups of the Middle East. (Noval, M 1999) Most of the organization rely on volunteers to carryout their missions, when the current Iranian president Mohmoud Ahamedinejad came into power he appealed to the youth from the Muslim countries to come forward and help in fighting Israel and United States. Most other terror groups appeal to their members to volunteer and get trained as suicide bombers . In the Palestine there are many youth who are willing to volunteer, these people may be driven by the promises made or purely to fulfill their religious obligation as spelt out in the recruiting organizations. Most of the suicide bombers are selected at an early age, educated and then set off to carry out their duty when they are just about in their twenties or in their late teenage years. Those who a re recruited are normally encouraged to cut themselves from the outside world as they are subjected to the intense training and recitations of the holy book to prepare them for the task ahead. Governments also sponsor some of the groups involved in the suicide bombings where those who participate are given monetary rewards. Iranian president is on the record urging his countrymen to come out and be trained for a fight with the western powers. Those who volunteered were promised compensation for the families and great honor once they have successively carried out the mission given. There have been considerable involvement of the Iranian government in the training of the terror outfits; a training center was opened when Ahamednijad came into power. This center which came to be known as the Lovers of Martyrdom Garrison has been involved in recruiting and training of suicide bombers who according to the Iranian president are to help in fighting the western powers who have occupied the Muslim territory. The volunteers’ suicide bombers have been equated to nuclear bombs owned by the United States and Israel and they are meant to cause wanton destruction against the enemy. Conclusion Suicide bombers are just as ordinary people, but there are forces within them which make them carry out their missions. These forces range from desparation, nationalistic ideals or religion. Debate on what makes a suicide bomber tick will continue for a long time as different people will see different motives for a given group of attackers. As far as those factors which breed terror remain with us suicide bombing will continue to be with us for a long time, attracting much attention from different scholars whose aim is to understand the factors behind these daring acts. References Radu, M (2004) Radical Islam and Suicide Bomber, Retrieved from http://www.fpri.org/

Themes Of Eudora Welty

Themes Of Eudora Welty A theme in writing is the main idea of the literary document. By a writer having well written papers with a generalized theme the writer is able to imagine and feel the occurrences within the piece of work. Theme is a main component of any fictional writers work; it is the element of the paper that is reoccurring throughout the piece of work. The theme will always be a subject but not every subject that is found is a theme (Childs and Fowler 239). Eudora Welty is a very strong writer who uses many themes throughout her literary work that is illustrated as racism, responsibility, initiation, coming of age, belonging, as well as many other that are found throughout her literary pieces. A Worn Path is a story with many different themes shown throughout it. It is considered by many to be the best writing that Welty ever did. Because Eudora Welty was a writer from Mississippi in the 1940-1950s most of her writing was influenced by the theme of race and racism. In A Worn Path, Welty shows the theme of race and racism by the encounters in which her characters experience along the story. During the time period in which the story was written, it was common for a Caucasian person to call blacks by aunt, granny, or uncle as a way of labeling them instead of speaking to them as an individual by their name (Wilson 315). Welty often found herself using themes that were influenced by Greek mythology and beliefs (Champion 350). The theme of resurrection is found within A Worn Path by looking into the character of Phoenix. When you examine Greek mythology, you see that a phoenix was a bird that actually rose from its ashes to restart a new life. Just as the phoenix mythological b ird is resurrected, the character Phoenix is resurrected because she refuses to give up and die. Duty and responsibility is seen through A Worn Path as the character Phoenix had a strong sense of duty to take care of her grandson as he has no one else to tend to him. Not only did Phoenix have a sense of duty to care for him, but she felt that it was her responsibility to see he got everything that he needed like when she was determined to make it into town to get the medication that he needed for his throat. The main themes in which sum up A Worn Path are race, duty and responsibility, and resurrection. Welty uses these themes to allow the reader to experience firsthand the struggle in which the characters encounter. Moon Lake is a short story that Eudora Welty wrote in 1947 with the themes of identity, belonging, initiation, and coming of age. In Moon Lake, there are two characters that are prepared to see a new view of what reality is. Loch Morrison, and the girls both experience initiation and they are both connected to the revelation of the male power and energy. Loch Morrison initiation comes from not hunting like most males experience, but instead through the heroism and salvation. This story depicts the theme of coming of age and the group of girls start to notice the lifeguard Loch Morrison as he is ever so careful to stay to himself. Welty speaks of Easter who almost drowns in the lake is rescued by Loch, only for it to be perceived as a sexual act to the other lady. Throughout the entire story Welty speaks of feminine scenes which are reinforced by masculine energy. Identity is within this short story as a whole is applied to the orphan girls who do not have a true sense of who they are . They simply give themselves certain names and identities as does Easter. They are not rooted deeply within the town because they are known as unwanted or outcast. Jinny love on the other hand knows exactly who she is as her identity is defined by the adult world. Her identity is given to her with approval from society. Nina on the other hand is an individual who is not happy being just her, she wants to know what life is like for others. She has a very private sense of her own identity as she feels very isolated(Milne 8). Moon lake has a theme of belonging as all of the orphan girl have a sense of unity being at the camp. They feel as if they all fit in and are needed by each other. The orphans have no other sense of identity except for what they know when they are together at the camp. Belonging to the group of orphans gives them a sense of identity and family that they long for. Eudora Welty has many other stories that she has written with very strong themes. During the end of Weltys life and writing career, she became very cold hearted and defensive about the issue of race. Everywhere she went she was under pressure to address race and she began to resent it (Flower 327).

Integrated Marketing Communication Program For Pillow

Integrated Marketing Communication Program For Pillow Executive summary: Various PILLOW COMPANIES such as SATYAPAL AND ARCHIES etc. design various integrated marketing program. Although common objective of all IMC program is increase brand awareness, sale and design a unique image in customers mind. In order to address and attract customer all PILLOW companies launch various campaigns. To communicate with public and customers they advertise their campaign on TV, magazine, online and radio. Through their advertisement they want to design their brand image in customer mind. Besides advertisement, they also carried out promotion activity, public relation, direct marketing etc. Direct marketing is although time consuming but most effective tool for communication. Various PILLOW companies also organize various events in order to communicate properly with customers. Main purpose of this is to increase the sale of PILLOW. Before designing IMC program the company carries out market research in order to judge customers behaviors toward the products. For research they design the strategy. Before designing integrated marketing communication program it is necessary to judge consumers behavior toward PILLOW, it is necessary to known customers liking and disliking, these data provide various support during designing of IMC program. Although there are various media available for communicating but Print ads in magazine and news paper is seen most effective medium followed by television. After Research survey done by various PILLOW companies, it has been found that respondents were less brand conscious. There is no particular trend among customers. â€Å"Durability† and â€Å"comfort† are the major attributes considered by customer while buying PILLOW. Marketing plan plan Situation Analysis: Every organization faces a lot of problem at present time so it became necessary for every organization that before setting any objective carried out situation analysis in order to recognize strength, weakness, opportunities and threat present in our organization. According to Sally and John, marketing plans are â€Å"the written document or blueprint for implementing and controlling an organizations marketing activities related to a particular marketing strategy†. A successful marketing plan is able to improve organizations profits and growth, uses in objective setting and monitors results. So to gain a successful market plan it is necessary to understand the current situation comprehensively and trends affecting the future of the organization. There are two major reasons to explain why situation analysis plays a vital role in developing marketing plan. Firstly, dynamic marketing environment will lead to uncertainty, threats and opportunities for marketers. Marketing managers who success to know changes in environment through situation analysis can lead their companies to capitalize on opportunities and cope with threats created by changes. Then, systematically analyzing situational environments in order to identify our customers and understand their needs. There are certain opportunities in pillow industry, such as increase construction of houses, hotels etc increase market and market share through integrated PR, and advertisement and promotional campaign. Besides opportunities there is a lot of threat that create barrier for entry in to PILLOW industry. These threats are as follow: Increasing competition High price and decrease loyalty toward brand Main objective behind situation analysis is to known analyze customer, competitor and there strategy. Marketing objective: After situation analysis we became able to known our organization strength, weakness, opportunities and threat present in environment. It provides a lot of support in setting of objective. There may be a lot of marketing objective, some are as follow: Increase market share Create awareness among target audience. Use excessive advertising especially using media preferred by the target market. Create product belonging and position among buyers mind Marketing strategies: To achieve this objective we implement various strategies. Target market: Urban personality: High income group Hotel owners Marketing Mix Strategies : Main aim of pillow companies is to produce durable and comfortable pillow in various designs. This is mostly done to capture attention. They produce new and innovative pillow to capture more market share. Several pillow brands jump in the Indian market by producing high quality of pillow. Pricing range from Rs 500 Rs 1000 Pillow does not need too much promotion. The distribution channels for Pillow Company are as follows. MANUFACTURER (COMPANY) PILLOW SEND TO SHOWROOM CUSTOMER Internal Process It is as follows. Sample Cutting Stitching Washing Pressing and labeling Finishing Dispatched to store Packing and containers Explanation The sample is first send by the buyer. Its called a gold seal sample. In cutting dept, one piece is placed on the other and in this way a bundle of 50 PILLOW is made. Then the cutter cuts it. In the stitching dept, front end or the upper part is made. Then backend is made and they are assembled together in the assembly end. Washing can be done by simple garment wash or through the stone wash and chemicals. It is done according to the buyers request. In finishing dept, the quality of pillow is checked and mistakes are rectified. Then the pillow dispatched to the store. Then packing is done. It is done according to the buyers request. Then they are sent to the containers. Implementation tactics : Launch a blind ad campaign on billboards and magazines in all a class areas of major cities and magazine. Heavy advertising on TV, newspapers and magazines Set displays of pillow in showrooms and major dealer outlets in all cities. Reduce number of billboards, television and magazines advertisements. Continue Advertising Evaluation, Monitoring and Control: Goal of marketing plan is to achieve market objective that are established before implementation of marketing plan. We evaluate and control our strategic tactic by comparing our result with standard established before setting of plan, by measuring customer satisfaction and brand loyalty. If result is less than our standard than there any is default in implementation and monitoring. The people who are responsible for the monitoring and control of the marketing plan involves, the Marketing Executives, Sales Managers, Media Managers, Market Research Departments, and the Production Managers. Some activities must be carried out for precisely and closely evaluating the effectiveness of the strategies and tactics for example the gathering and structuring of data regarding market, product, consumers and the pricing trends, then the generation of daily sales report should be maintained and then in the end continuous reconfirming of the marketing budget and activities by the managers of different divisions. The Integrated Marketing Communication Plan Integrated Marketing Communications is a term used to describe a holistic approach to marketing communication. It aims to ensure consistency of message and the complementary use of media. The concept includes online and offline marketing channels. Online marketing channels include any e-marketing campaigns or programs, pay-per-click, affiliate, email, banner to latest web related channels for webinar, blog, micro-blogging, RSS, podcast, and Internet TV. Offline marketing channels are traditional print (newspaper, magazine), mail order, public relations, industry relations, billboard, radio, and television. A company develops its integrated marketing communication programme using all the elements of the marketing mix (product, price, place, and promotion) So Integrated marketing communication is integration of all marketing tools, approaches, and resources within a company which maximizes impact on consumer mind and which results into maximum profit at minimum cost. Promotional activities include Advertising, sales promotion, and personal selling activities. It also includes internet marketing, sponsorship marketing, direct marketing, database marketing and public relations. And integration of all these promotional tools along with other components of marketing mix to gain edge over competitor is called Integrated Marketing Communication. Situational analysis : First of all we carried out we carried out situation analysis in order to understood problem. In this we identify our competitors and their strategy for example Archies carried out competitor analysis and find out various strategy adopted by other pillow companies. After situation analysis Archies find out that the California gold rush whose trademark blue pillow have been an American clothing staple for generations, had fallen on hard times by 2004 and needed a change in strategic direction.After seven consecutive years of falling sales, profits turned to losses in 2003. Management responded to the decline by moving its manufacturing plants offshore and by introducing a new line of discount pillow in showroom. Under situation analysis we also analyze financial position of company. IMC objective : There are various IMC objective set by pillow company after situation analysis in order to accomplish their goal. Some of objective is as follow: To Increase sale by 50% in six month To Increase brand awareness To Increase customer loyalty To Increase desire of customer To Increase repeat purchase To measure customer satisfaction To create relationship with customer on personal level To control and observe public opinion To receive feedback from customer on regular basis Media objectives state the impact that you expect to have on an audience in terms of reach and frequency. Objectives must meet the following criteria: Measurability Quantifiability Realism time-specificity Budget determination: We need to establish what amount of money will be needed to achieve the IMC objectives.Although there is various methods present to determine what amount of money invest on IMC. These methods are as follow: Affordable Method Percentage of Sales Method Unit of Sales Method Zero Budgeting Method In affordable method we invest money on IMC as soon as we can afford. However in Percentage of Sales Method amount of money invest on IMC tool depend on what amount of sale we expect to achieve during course of year. These percentages are mostly adhoc and sometime based on judgment. In Unit of Sales Method Company allocate a certain proportion of cost of product to promotion. Thus say if ex factory cost of the product is say Rs 100/ the company will allot Rs.10/- toward promotion cost. Hence if company expects sale 10,000 unit of the product, thus allocated IMC budget will be Rs.100.000/-. In Zero Budgeting Method, company determine what need to achieve in term of sale and then rework backward in term of what money will be needed to be allocate to deliver those customers. Thus if company believe that in order to achieve their sales, 10,000 customers need to purchase their jeans once during the planning period than it will work out what number of prospective customers will needed to be targeted through ATL and BTL activity, in order to achieve that result. IMC Methodologies There are various component of integrated marketing communication that is as follow: Advertisement Advertisement is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas or products by an identified sponsor. Objective of any ads is to increase brand awareness. Objectives: There are mostly three objective of advertisement campaign, that is as follow: Inform Persuade Remind 1. Inform: Informative advertising, seeks to tell the market about the pillow, explain the new quality added in pillow, provide information on pricing, and build awareness of both the pillow quality and the company. Such objectives are normally pursued at the launch of a new quality pillow, or re-launch / up-date of an existing pillow. 2. Persuade: Here objectives are to encourage the target audience to switch brands, make the purchase, and create a preference in the market for the pillow as opposed to its competition. Advertising of this nature is required in highly competitive markets, where a range of pillow design competes directly with each other. In such circumstances businesses often seek to differentiate their pillow through Comparison Advertising either directly or indirectly comparing its pillow to that of its competitors. 3. Remind: Reminder Advertising, is used to maintain interest and awareness of a well established pillow brand in the market, often in the latter stages of its product life cycle. It is often used at the Point-of-Purchase to remind consumers of the Brand. Advertisement budget: Having identified advertising objectives, the advertising budget must be set. Determining exactly how much a business should spend on advertising to achieve the desired level of sales. Commonly, the decision is based on past experience of expenditure on advertising, and the sales subsequently achieved. There are however a number of factors that can be considered in setting the advertising budget Factors influencing the setting of advertising Budgets: Product life cycle stage: New products in the Launch stage of their Product Life Cycle, will normally require greater expenditure on advertising to create product awareness, and encourage consumers to trial the product. Whilst products that have reached Maturity in their product life cycle, will often require smaller advertising budgets to achieve the level of sales required. Competition: The number of competitors in the market, and their expenditure on advertising competing products, will influence a business to spend to a similar or higher degree. Product Differentiation: A product very similar to other products on the market may require greater expenditure on advertising to differentiate it from its competitors. Advertising Strategy: Developing an Advertising Strategy to achieve the objectives of a campaign, requires that consideration be given to both the ‘Message which will be communicated and the ‘Media through which it will be sent Advertising Message An advertising campaign, no matter how much money is spent, no matter what media is used, will only be successful if the Message appeals to the target audience. Given the level of advertising which bombards the average consumer, a successful advertising message must stand out amongst the advertising clutter. Thus marketing professionals are required to be creative, imaginative and innovative in developing the advertising message, both in terms of what is said, and How it is said? What is said This is often referred to as the ‘Big Idea, and will normally address the key benefits sought by the target audience, motivating the audience to pay attention. Given the constant search for new ways to appeal to target audiences, it is difficult to categories the content of advertising messages which a business may send; below we include a couple of examples of actual message strategy. For example: Satyapal brand, pillow and clothing: Satyapal. Keep it Simple. Satyapal, Its True. Fashion is nothing without people. In this example massage that draw attention of youth is quality must should be greater because without quality, fashion is zero. How they say it During delivery of advertisement massage in customer mind take the personality symbol, lifestyle and musical as consideration. In addition the tone of the advertisement will need to be established, which can be either positive or negative. The advert may therefore promote positive feelings of fun, contentment, and happiness or take on a more negative, somber, or even threatening tone. Selecting Advertising Media: In addition to deciding upon the content, style and tone of the advertising message, the media through which the message will be communicated to the target audience must also be selected. Mostly for pillow advertisement we select media such as magazine, newspaper and outdoor. TV rarely used for advertisement of pillow. In order to select the most appropriate media, consideration must should be given to various advantage and disadvantage of various media. Strengths and weakness of various media are as given below: Television : Strengths Dynamic attention getting media, combining visual, sound and animated stimulus. Strong potential Impact High market coverage Good at demonstrating products Weaknesses: Highly expensive Poor at communicating lengthy technical information Newspapers: Strengths: Targeting is possible through profiling readership Good level of market coverage Weaknesses: Static media, not suitable for product demonstration Potential for poor reproduction, sometimes limited to black and white print Short-life span, i.e. todays newspapers become tomorrows rubbish Magazines: Strengths: High quality reproduction, of color images Targeting is possible through specialist publications Good pass on readership Weaknesses: Static media, not suitable for product demonstration Lengthy lead-time between advert being placed and magazine being published Outdoor: Strengths: High repeat exposure to advert Relatively low cost Low levels of competition, in terms of advertising clutter Weaknesses: Limited audience selectivity / targeting possible Static media, not suitable for product demonstrations Difficult to monitor effectiveness â€Å"Make them your own† is the name of the campaign launched by Archies to boost the sale of pillow. This is one of the most aggressive marketing and advertising strategy followed by pillow to move up the sales. The theme of this marketing campaign is narcissistic youth. It will feature youth who will check themselves out in pillow. The advertising will target the age group of house hold wives. Mostly Archies also select TV, Magazine, and Newspaper as a media for delivering there massage about their product in customer mind. PRINT AD OF PILLOW Sale promotion: Sale promotion is collection of various consumers and trade promotional tool such as rebate, discount, gift, contest, coupons, price deal, contest game, sampling etc. to increase sale of products. There are certain objectives of sale promotion. However main objective is to increase immediate sale because Sales Managers are under great pressure to produce results quickly. Objective: There are certain objectives of sale promotion that are as follow: To increase immediate customer sale To increase support among the marketers sales force. To gain the support of the trade in marketing the product Reasons for Growth of Sales Promotion: There are number of reason for growth of company in sale promotion some are as follow: 1. Increasing Competition Due to increase in competition, companies are finding it increasingly difficult to compete on quality. They are therefore resorting to more innovative methods of sales promotion. In order to have a competitive advantage over its competitors like ARCHIES, SATYAPAL.JNO, once a year has a grand sale of up to 50%. 2. Customers Have Become More Price Sensitive: The increase price sensitivity is direct result of rampant inflation. Economic support this trend further, as a result customers and dealer became more sensitive toward price. If the customers get branded PILLOW at half the actual price, then they are definitely going to make huge purchases of SATYAPAL PILLOW because they want value for their money, as they are price sensitive. 3. Sales Promotions Generally Create an Immediate Positive Impact on Sales: Advertising, personal selling and other methods of promotion produce slower impact on sales in compared to sales promotion. Sales promotions are mostly for short duration, for a specified period, leading to a sense of urgency in consumers to buy now. This creates an immediate positive impact on sales. 4. Products have become more standardized: In many product categories there is proliferation of brand or line extension and me too many brands. Most of brand perceived by consumer varies little in price. Due to this it became very difficult for advertiser to reposition their product in customers mind. Due to which they focus on more and more on sale promotion to get immediate result. 6. Advertising Has Become More Expensive and Less Effective: All the advertising media have become quite expensive. Audio-visual medium, which is considered as the most effective for short-duration ads, may cost in excess of Rs. 1 lakh for a 10 second exposure during prime time. In many cases, consumers have reached a point of boredom due to excessive advertising on TV. Firms with small budgets cannot compete with big companies, which spend huge sums of money on advertising. For these small budget firms, sales promotion is a more cost-effective promotion method to produce sales results. 7. Trade Has Become More Powerful: At present time Retailers and wholesalers have became more powerful and demand extra facility from company to promote their product. Company has no other alternative. Besides these there is also various kind reason such as Excess Stocks, Impulse Buying Is Increasing, Sales Promotions Maximize Profits etc. Promotion Strategies: Promotional strategy is mostly run to change consumers behavior, to increase brand image, to increase profit, to increase sale of various good. There are mostly two kind of sale promotion, one is directed toward consumer and other one is directed toward trade such as dealer, supplier, retailer etc. Consumer sale promotion tool: there are a lot of promotional tool used to increase sale. Consumer sale promotion is directed toward consumer. It stimulate consumer to purchase their product rapidly. There are a lot of tool that are as follow: Price deal: Price deal is temporary reduction in price of product. There are two type of deal: cents-off deals and price-pack deals. Price deal is given at various times to stimulate purchase of pillow. Coupon: A coupon is typically a printed certificate giving the bearer a stated price reduction or special value on a specific product, generally for a specific period. Various company issue various kind of coupon that contain various discount price, customer get the advantage of this discount and purchase pillow at low price. Offer: There are various kind of gift is offer by various pillow industries. For example the branding magazine said that the archives will be conducting a marketing campaign centered on the idea that your favorite songs and your favorite pillow, make the perfect fit. Customers who try on a pair of the retailers new pillow will receive a free iTMS download. The campaign will be marketed with print and TV ads, and will feature TV commercials with musicians singing covers of their favorite song while wearing satyapal jeans. The company will be offering those collected covers in a CD at retail ARCHIES locations for customers who make a US$60 or more ARCHIES purchase. Premium: sometime various companies like Jno, SATYAPAL etc. offer some gift or at bargain price to encourage customer buying. Sampling: Some company like American eagles to known customer feedback provide free simple of various PILLOW according to their preference. Advertising Specialities: Advertising specialities also call a promotional product. It mostly given to our loyal customers. It includes various card like birthday card, New Year card. It is mostly done to retain old customer. Trade sale promotion tool: Objectives of Trade Sales Promotion: Gain/maintain distribution Influence resellers to promote product Influence resellers to offer price discount Increase reseller inventory Defend against competitors Avoid reduction of normal prices There are various sale promotion tools that stimulate trade to promote company product. There are a lot of trade sale promotion tools some are as discussed below: Trade Allowances: Trade allowances are short-term special allowances, discounts, or deals granted to resellers to stimulate reseller to rapid purchase of their product. Point-of-Purchase Display: Point-of-purchase displays are generally used at the retail level to call customer attention to a featured product. In this company employees observe every retail shop and that retail shop that display more company product will be winner of special gift or prize Trade Shows: A trade show is periodic, semi periodic public event at which supplier displays their Pillow and provides information about pillow quality and price to potential buyer. After implementing these different techniques of sale promotion we monitor result and evaluate these by comparing with objective set before implementation of plan. Public relation Public relation is nothing but creating a favorable relation for organization and product which is done through used of various communication channel and tool. So public relation is mostly done to improve the image of company and build good image in customers mind. So public relation may be define as â€Å"Public Relations is a set of management, supervisory, and technical functions that foster an organizations ability to strategically listen to, appreciate, and respond to those persons whose mutually beneficial relationships with the organization are necessary if it is to achieve its missions and values. Objective: like other aspect of marketing, public relation is also used to address several broad aspect of marketing like: Building Product Awareness When introducing a new product or relaunching an existing product, marketers can use a PR element that generates consumer attention and awareness through media placements and special events. Creating Interest: Public Relation create public interest to use the product at least for once time. Providing Information: Through the Public relation we can provide a lot of information about company activity and their product feature and service provided by company. This information is delivered to public through newspaper, article website, collateral material; PR helps in delivering information that helps to public in understanding the product feature. Stimulating Demand: A positive article in a newspaper, on TV, news show or mentioned on the Internet, often results in a discernable increase in product sales. Reinforcing the Brand: In many companies like JNO, SATYAPAL PILL Company the public relations function is also involved with brand reinforcement by maintaining positive relationships with key audiences, and thereby aiding in building a strong image. Direct Marketing Direct marketing is business of selling company product directly to customers through mail order, telephone, fax, e-mails, or web selling, rather than through retailers. Objective: There are mostly to objective for which direct marketing is carried out these are as follow: Convert not user to user. It is mostly done to obtain new client. The identification of new potential clients is very crucial when it comes to recruit new prospects and transformed them into your clients. The perpetual loyalty of customers. A loyal consumer cost less than new customers. Strategy: Various pillow industry like archives, satyapal involved in direct marketing to get more market share. These companies sent a mail-order catalog to approximately prospective customers. 100-page catalog, developed in-house, targets both men and women and also contains 10 pages devoted to home products. There are various tools for direct marketing these are as : Direct mail, Telemarketing, Email Marketing ,faxing, Voicemail, Couponing, Direct response television marketing. Besides these pillow producing company also used various methods to promote their product. One method that archiess has recently taken is Path Breaking Strategy. Path breaking strategy byARCIES: This strategy is mostly for that pillow whose cost above Rs.600. We know a lot of thing about EMIs for house, car and other kind of white goods. But these EMIs is first time adopted by archives for jeans. This idea has been conceptualized by archives. Downturn market, cost cutting everywhere and empty pockets is the present situation; and here to curb all these hindrances, Archies is now, for the first time ever offering EMI facilities on its pillow in India. Simply shop for more than Rs. 600 and you can avail this offer. This amount will be set off through your credit card in three equal installments. They have also tied up with ICICI Bank for the credit card settlement. There are certain objectives behind this strategy that are as follow: To increase the sales of premium pillow wear category that is worth more than Rs. 800 per pillow. To ensure sales throughout the year irrespective of seasonality: How will this objective be achieved: Indian market for apparels is highly driven by seasonalit

My Teaching Philosophy Essay -- Education Educational Essays

My Teaching Philosophy Education. What is Education? What does it mean to be an educator? Education is a field of study dealing with methods of teaching and learning. I feel that education goes far beyond the teaching aspect. It is my job as a teacher to make sure that every student has a better understanding and knowledge towards helping others. In doing this I plan on teaching them strict morals such as how to be respectful, considerate, and appreciative of themselves and others throughout their life. In this paper, I plan to describe to you my personal beliefs on being a successful teacher, my goals and aspirations, and my philosophies on how I plan to teach each of my students and help them feel more confident about learning and themselves. Approximately two years ago I really started thinking about my life and where I was going with it. During that summer, I decided that my life wasn't up to me, but it was about what God wants for me. I went to a church camp that summer and decided that it was my turn to be the educator. Joshua 1:9 says, "Have not I commanded thee? Be strong and of a good courage; be not afraid, neither be thou dismayed: for the Lord thy God is with thee withersoever thou goest." I know that God is with me throughout all of my decisions. I also know that if I am doing his will for my life, he will grant me the wisdom and knowledge that I need to become the best educator possible. I believe that showing my students my Christian beliefs and morals, will help reflect upon their lives. Knowing that I have been a lasting impact on someone will bring, to me, the largest amount of joy possible. Teaching good morals and ethics will be important in my classroom. Some parents believe that... ...I plan on seeking a job in West Virginia, and gradually working on my master's. Having an impact on all the students I have is my goal. It may be outrageous, but I have the desire to achieve that goal. I want every student that I have to jump out of bed every morning and rush to school ready and willing to learn. Being an educator is not about myself, it is about each and every one of the students I will come across in my lifetime as a teacher. I am not entering this profession for the money or the holidays off, but for each of those young children that want to learn. Will I have a lasting impact on each of the students? Will they remember me when they are twenty years old sitting behind the computer typing their philosophy paper? Will I influence their life? That is my goal. As I said earlier, being an educator is not about me, it is about the children.

Transcending The Atrocities of War Essay -- Literary Analysis

Warfare not only results in majority of casualties but also affect individuals both physically and psychologically. This can damage their sense of purpose and identity which can lead to difficulties in the way they relate to others. Art and religion proves to be the saviour of these individuals by helping them respond to the effects and aftermath of war with valour and resilience which not only helps them cope with stress and grief but also gives them the opportunity to interact and connect with others. David Roxborough argues that â€Å"Ondaatje’s method of alternating mythical identity allows the efficient construction of a panoramic religious framework with widespread mythical significance.† Similarly, Alice Brittan claims that â€Å"Ondaatje’s novel is filled with [†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦] scenes of reading and writing, and characters who delight in marginalia.† Both the authors agree that Ondaatje’s novel The English Patient utilizes imagery and mytholo gy to explain the atrocities of the Second World War, and to explicate that religion and the admiration of art attempts to defy the violent human displacements enabled by war, and helps to transcend the crude realities of the world. The novel The English Patient harbours four central characters namely Almasy, Hana, Caravaggio and Kip whose lives are devastated by the Second World War and British colonialism. Almasy, the English patient, receives austere burns during an escape from a â€Å"blazing aircraft† which makes him resemble â€Å"a [burnt] animal, taut and dark† (Ondaatje 6, 41). His injuries hinder him in making any kind of movement. Hana, a twenty years old Canadian nurse, is forced to leave her adolescence and step into adulthood at an early age. She loses her father, and has to suffer the pain of an aborti... ... English Patient.† The History of the Book and the Idea of Literature 121 (2006): 200-213. PMLA. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. Roxborough, David. â€Å"The Gospel of Almasy: Christian Mythology in Michael Ondaatje’s The English Patient.† Essays on Canadian Writing 67 (1999): 236. Academic Search Premier. Web. 17. Apr. 2012. Cook, Rufus. "Being and representation in Michael Ondaatje's 'The English Patient'." ARIEL 30.4 (1999): 35+. Canadian Periodicals Index Quarterly. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. Goldman, Marlene. "'Powerful Joy': Michael Ondaatje's The English Patient and Walter Benjamin's Allegorical Way of Seeing." University Of Toronto Quarterly 70.4 (2001): 902. Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. Scobie, Stephen. â€Å"The reading lesson: Michael Ondaatje and the patients of desire.† Essays on Canadian Writing 53 (1994): 92. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Apr. 2012.

Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil

Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil becomes so famous not for the awards that are bestowed on it (both the book and the film version) but mainly for the remarkable story that it presents on public since its premiere.The book is written by John Berendt, a columnist from New York. His idea to work on the Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil came about when he went to Savannah. George for â€Å"some capricious adventure† and found himself so hooked with a â€Å"strange news† that he heard during his stay at the place (Kovington). This inspired him to create a novel, a book.The thesis of this paper is focused on the roles that are played by the different characters in the novel which also come from the different levels in the society. In addition, the novel gives the reader the image of how the people of and the place itself, Savannah are structured during the tragedy. Such thematic approach gives more volume and quality to it, particularly in the book version.As a N on-Fictional AccountAs mentioned earlier, Berendt’s novel is drawn from a true story which he obtained during his stay in Savannah. The story revolves on the mystery in the murder of a local hustler named Danny Hansford and a revered antique art broker Jim Williams which happened in May 1981. The two protagonists in the novel are said to have a prior â€Å"intimate relationship before Hansford’s death (Berendt).† The murder happened at the home of William. The mystery of Hansford’s murder became the focal point of the story. While the novel develops through the court proceedings against Williams, Berendt made himself a character of the story as if he was really there when the incident took place.The novel is about Berendt's factual encounters in his journey in Savannah, though he recognizes that several of the conversations found throughout the novel is less than valid. The novel is an anthology of narratives of different people he met. â€Å"The remoten ess of Savannah implies peculiarities are on no account permitted to escape (Berendt).† In its place, they became concerted. The first part of the novel vibrantly gets the unusual character of the town.He describes the characters that he employs in the story. Joe Odom leaps from one house to another with no intention of paying his bills, providing frenziedly bashes and offering momentous excursions. Luther Driggers seeks to devise â€Å"glow-in-the-dark goldfish† to amuse intoxicating wits, however he is dreaded for he hands a venom that is 500 times more lethal than arsenic (Berendt). The Lady Chablis, who is one of the most celebrated characters in the story (which is also portrayed in the film version), is an arrogant â€Å"drag queen† who is in no way devoid of a devious comment (Berendt). Jim Williams is the suave antique broker who lives as how true-blooded aristocrats live.The second part of the novel entails a more definite plot account.   Williams is c harged of killing Hansford. On the other hand, the latter is the conventional agitator, yearning for affection and consideration, yet with excessively callous wall to let someone recognize it. Williams argues that he shot the victim just to defend himself, however the evidence is profoundly alongside him. He uses all his money to pay for his lawyers to make out for the trials and proceedings. Nevertheless, he does not simply depend on what money can do. He also thinks that being focused on making out victoriously with the trial will bring success tom him.Criticism and Comments on the NovelThere is just something that is obvious throughout the interpretation of the novel – that is, it is deficient in ethical rationale. This novel bears ingenious discourse, â€Å"goose-bump-inducing character† outline, and that popular talent to draw the reader feels like he or she is really there in the novel as a part of every spectacle (Kovington). The novel does somewhat which could not be done by merely visiting the town; it depicts the novel as if it is alive as how the reader progress in reading it. The town captivates the reader. To name it as appealing is to go amiss. To describe it astonishing is to exaggerate. It is purely animate.The novel is put up freely just about the assassination of Danny Hansford by Jim Williams and the succeeding four murder court proceedings that ran for more than eight straight years. Towards the end of the novel, Williams, the alleged murdered of Hansford, was found to be not guilty. Nonetheless, the chief concern of the account for most of the readers has been â€Å"the affluence of delicately strained minor characters from every societal rank and the craftily established yarn that makes a wall-hanging of Savannah (Porter).†Appraisals of the novel roughly commonly commended the excellence of the writing. â€Å"Even the Savannah Morning News labeled it as a forceful, morbidly captivating, marvelously written novel desp ite the fact that the critic found the abundance of characters and story —nonetheless masterfully provided— awe-inspiring and pathetic (Porter).† The similar critic also grieved over the inadequacy of a tough plot to push the action, and became disappointed by the ultimate uncertainty of â€Å"whether the shooting was really a murder or simply a self-defense (Kovington).†Awards and RecognitionsThe success of the publication of the novel did not only bring honor to John Berendt but also give overwhelming advantages to the setting of the story. â€Å"Tourists across the world travel to visit the historical setting of the novel (Writers & Books, 2007).† Such visits boosted the economy of the entire Savannah starting from the hotels and motels which accommodated number of tourists and visitors. Special memorabilia for the novel were also sold out thus heightening more the economy of Savannah.Such progress paved the way for recognizing the author of the novel for employing such very significant contribution not only to the history of Savannah but also on its economy. Berendt was honored by the Savannah Economic Development Authority on April 22, 1996 and was given a special award by no less than the town’s mayor on April 26, 1996 declaring that date as the John Berendt Day.The novel also bagged the Southern Book Award and became a finalist in the prestigious Pulitzer Prize Awards. However, the novels’ most notable achievement was when â€Å"it topped the New York Times best-seller list for over 216 weeks (Writers & Books, 2007).†ConclusionTo end, Berendt’s Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil becomes successful. Though originally the novel’s purpose is to give an account about a true story which happened in Savannah, the prize of the novel extends more than recognitions for the author but also for the setting of the novel itself.The novel’s success is not merely due to the fact that it c onveys a mystery-like theme but more because of the appealing way of how the novel presented the different characters that Savannah has. The novel interests the reader to go through the novel by the creation of such fascinating characters. Thus it can be said that the novel leads the way for catching the attention of the people to go and see through the entire Savannah.Works CitedBerendt, John. Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. Modern Library, 2005.Porter, Darwin. Midnight in Savannah. First ed. Georgia Literary Association, 2000.

Discrimination and Sexual Harassment

Most Americans can trace their predecessors back to some country across the oceans or the Mexican-American or Canadian-American borders. Each ethnic group has enriched American culture with its own particular types of music, food, customs, and dress. It usually takes two or more generations for the members of a new immigrant group to become sufficiently absorbed into the life of a community that they lose their separate identity. Some ethnic groups – mainly those of dark skin colors – never achieve total acceptance.People concerned about improving group relations in their organization must guard against such clichà ©s as â€Å"I'm not prejudiced† and â€Å"I treat all people the same. † Even the most â€Å"liberal† individuals do not treat all people the same. Moreover, they should not. All people are prejudiced for or against other people. However, it is behaviors, not attitudes, which comprise the major group problems confronting managers and sup ervisors. There are many laws against discriminatory behaviors, but there are none against prejudicial attitudes.The ethnic prejudices found in neighborhoods, schools, and jobs come from two main sources: (1) the values and beliefs individuals learn from others, and (2) the tensions and frustrations all people experience while competing with other people, especially those who are culturally different. Race and racism, outgrowths of prejudice, disrupt organization behaviors (Shepherd & Penna 34). Cultural diversity changes the organization by providing new human resources and managerial challenges to employers.As the United States experiences shortages of skilled workers, most organizations should to find ways to optimally utilize multicultural workers. This often entails dealing with employees who have different attitudes toward time, status and roles, relationships, responsibility, decision-making, and technology (Goldstein & Leopold 45). In addition, as the nation's workforce is r eshaped with respect to age, sex, racial composition, and national origin, the challenge to managers and supervisors is magnified; managers must take strong leadership in eliminating discrimination and sexual harassment in the workplace. Abbasi & Hollman 96).If organization devises an innovation strategy to cope with discrimination and sexual harassment the result will be the successes an organization will experience. First, managers should play role: in the management of diversity initiatives in order to deliver permanent change in organizational culture, systems, and structures; should work in an integrated partnership within their organization to implement diversity successfully; second, cultural and gender diversity includes every employee, so, managers and supervisors must be aware of their values, motivations, communication styles, attitudes, and needs.Arguments that support the thesis 1. Helping across cultures at workplace can be accomplished only with the assistance of well -trained manager Most discrimination and sexual harassment problems are rooted in the organization culture. Certainly, group therapy is an alternative. Another alternative is affirmative action designed to change jobs. One of the reasons managers and supervisors are continually frustrated is because the social problems they are called upon to solve are themselves the products of a larger social environment.Frequently, for example, an alienated worker's problem resolution depends not on his or her adjustment to an existing situation but instead on being moved to another job or another company. This kind of environmental change is modeled after milieu therapy. It is clear that many minorities and women do not get the help they need because company resources are not attuned to their needs. The more effective employers behave in the following manner: 1. They regard each employee as a vital part of the organization.2. They view all personnel positively, because whatever diminishes anyone 's self (e. . , humiliation, discrimination, degradation, failure) has no place in a culturally sensitive organization. 3. They allow and provide for individual and cultural differences. 4. They learn how employees see things. Since sensitivity to their own feelings is a prerequisite to effective leadership, it is beneficial for administrators to have maximum self-insight. For some administrators, this is an integral part of their personality; for others it must be learned. A growing number of administrators are participating in some type of sensitivity training.If it is true, that helping across cultures can be accomplished only with the assistance of a healthier person. A worker does not need guidance from an administrator who is a racist. Nor does a female employee need a sexist supervisor. The more effective administrator is a mature person who functions with compassionate efficiency, who is able to assist his or her subordinates to solve their problems without resorting to pity , panic, or resignation. This type of administrator maintains professional balance and keeps his or her perspective with self-insight and humor.Once diversity-related problems are identified, managers should move with great care when implementing change. Some actions, although well intentioned, will only exacerbate the problems. Anything that disrupts the existing flow of work activities can cause additional complaints and stress. 2. Diversity-related leadership is an important organizational factor determining the extent of discrimination Without the full commitment of upper-level leaders in an organization, discrimination and sexual harassment initiatives are likely to fail and thus discriminatory practices are unlikely to be ended (Cox& Blake 8).However, it is also necessary to look below the upper-most levels to examine the ways in which the behaviors and decisions of mid-level management and direct supervisors may also perpetuate discrimination and sexual harassment. Upper-leve l management at the highest levels of leadership in organizations, the CEO, the top management team (TMT), and the corporate board are instrumental in determining the direction that the organization will take with regard to discrimination and sexual harassment.Leaders must first recognize the potential for discrimination in traditional organizational practices and structures and must believe in the need to value all employees and remove obstacles to their success (Stoner & Russell-Chapin 13). The CEO and top management team make important decisions regarding organizational strategies and resources, and they communicate the organization's priorities to all members and stakeholder groups (Chevrier 45).The extent to which leaders choose to emphasize inclusiveness in the organization's strategy and the extent to which resources (i. . , personnel, money, time) are devoted to eliminating all forms of discrimination and sexual harassment are indicators of leaders' priorities and of which à ¢â‚¬Å"types† of employees are valued (Morrison & von Glinow 67). Top-level leaders can also discourage discrimination and sexual harassment by implementing systems of accountability that make rewards contingent upon meeting diversity goals. After the corporate board and TMT have decided to pursue an organizational change strategy throughout the organization, the role of the CEO is particularly important.Cox and Blake (1991) argued that for champions for diversity are needed to enact change—and the CEO is in a very good position to passionately pursue change, to role model the behaviors required for change, and to help the organization to move forward. Such a leader can help to establish an inclusive organizational culture through persistent communication of and visible support for all programs and policies aimed at reducing discrimination and sexual harassment (Morrison & von Glinow 89). In addition, when successes occur, he or she would provide rewards and interpretati ons consistent with the desired values.In this manner, a CEO who demonstrates commitment to eliminating all forms of discrimination and sexual harassment throughout the organization may play a crucial role in transforming an organization from monolithic (unicultural) to multicultural. The quality of leader-subordinate relationships is also an important consideration for discrimination and sexual harassment in organizations. High-quality leader member exchanges (LMX) may be less likely to develop between leader subordinate dyads composed of individuals who are demographically different (Hiller & Day 34).Yet, because LMX relationship quality is thought to be pivotal for the access that subordinates receive to resources, information, important networks, and opportunities, high-quality LMX relationships with diverse subordinates are one key to combating discrimination sexual harassment in organizations. Ultimately, those managers who establish high quality LMX relationships with all of their employees without discriminating against minority subordinates will be in a better position to utilize all of their human resources (Douglas et al. 8). Indeed, recent evidence demonstrated that departments in which racial minorities reported high-quality LMX relationships with their managers had higher profits than departments where minorities reported low-quality LMX relationships (Nishii, Mayer, Goldstein, & Dotan 19). 3. Without integration of equality goals within the broader business diversity-oriented strategy the organization will not develop open communication, mutual trust, and confidence in managementWhen strategies for advancing diverse employees and creating a culture of inclusiveness are embedded within an organization's strategic business plan, consequent levels of discrimination and sexual harassment conflict tend to be lower. Actually including EEO as part of a company's business strategy is important because statements of non-discrimination are a very tangible and salient sign that discrimination is not tolerated within an organization (Morrison & von Glinow 167).Further, publicly stating the importance of diversity as a basis of competitive advantage and human resource quality fosters the belief that diversity represents an opportunity for the organization rather than a problem. There is also a theoretical basis for expecting that organizations that pursue an innovation strategy will be motivated to capitalize on the diversity of behavioral scripts that result from a diverse workforce.This is based on the evidence that diverse groups are more likely to produce a diverse set of ideas compared to homogeneous groups (Milliken & Martins 78), and the wider set of ideas is expected to translate into better decisions. An organization that perceives the differential competencies and experiential bases of diverse employees as a source of competitive advantage is less likely to engage in practices that discriminate against diverse groups. Argumen ts on the other side 1. People form different backgrounds and cultures tend to form unhealthy teamwork with diversity-related problemsWorkplace harassment which entails the use of abusive language or isolation of specific workers may result because of their diversity (disabilities, performance record, sex, or place of birth) which will hinder the efficient formation of teamwork (Broadnax 13). People are more susceptible to workplace harassment and discrimination, which is bad for the organization. However, people form different backgrounds and with varied skills when effectually managed tend to form a strong teamwork. Teamwork is useful for an organization in that people are able to share their ideas or problems, thereby, providing workable solutions to issues.The use of cross-functional teams and employee participation are key to success of the organization. This is because they provide a more firm platform on which to exchange knowledge and information. Therefore, managers who tak e strong leadership in this area are essential. Workplace harassment practices such as sexual harassment are so inhuman that it results in the breakdown of individual and team relationship in an organization and in most cases; it results because of ones race, disability, or gender. Harassment is not only directed to junior employees but it can be directed to a senior member of the group.The consequences of workplace harassment and surveillance are normally severe in that it results in mental, physical, and emotional illnesses. Therefore, the managers in this case have a lot to lose if they do not act quickly. 2. People solve nothing, time solves problems Most managers are reluctant to admit that there diversity-related problems that should be solved. While managers must be supportive and allow a reasonable period of time for problem abatement, it is important to remember that managers do not help employees or the organization by neglecting problems.Nor do problems go away or resolve themselves if given ample time. If a business is managed poorly, it loses profits and eventually fails. If cultural conflicts and sexual harassment are handled poorly, valuable employees are lost. Avoiding financial and human resources losses tests the leadership mettle of managers. Central to conflict resolution is mastering the processes of problem solving, the dynamics of which are threefold (Nishii, Mayer, Goldstein, & Dotan 78-90): 1. The facts that constitute the problem must be understood. Facts usually consist of both objective reality and subjective reactions. 2.The facts must be thought through. They must be probed into, reorganized, and turned over in order for distressed employees to grasp as much of the total configuration as possible. 3. A decision must be made that will result in resolving or alleviating the problem. This usually involves a change in behavior and, if possible, attitude. Succinctly, the three operations of problem solving are fact-finding, analysis of facts, and implementation of conclusions. For the maximum effectiveness, the people involved in the discrimination and sexual harassment conflict must be fully involved in the efforts to solve their own problems.It is possible for a manager to define the problem and prescribe solutions, but when this happens the self-responsibility of the employees involved in the conflict is weakened. It is always better if the employees who have problems are able to assist in bringing about the resolution. A problem cannot be solved if the necessary information is missing. A manager may want to understand his or her subordinates' conflicts but be unable to do so because some of the data are missing or distorted. In some situations, administrators are not privy to all the information. In other instances, the information may have been misinterpreted.Like any puzzle, missing pieces of information in a human relations problem will render it insolvable. Information alone is seldom enough. Too much inf ormation can freeze negative attitudes and reinforce dysfunctional behavior. Conditioned by organization and peer group norms, contradictory information may cause a manager to say to a complainant, â€Å"I understand what you have said but I don't believe it. † For example, a sexist supervisor may disregard documentation of a female's abilities to do male-oriented jobs. An individual with delusions of male superiority is not likely to believe reports documenting female competence in male jobs.Thus, in order to be helpful, information must be believed by the manager. All of this underscores the crucial importance of managers taking strong leadership in order to eliminate harassment and discrimination. Sensitivity is the capacity to identify and empathize with the values, aspirations, and feelings of subordinates. Today, more than ever, organization needs culturally sensitive administrators. Without being able to see employees as they see themselves, to dispel fears of cultural differences, and to communicate with their subordinates, managers will turn their organizations into socially and psychologically destructive battlefields.If they are unable to put themselves in the minds of their subordinates, there will be little help for the aggrieved persons. Frequently, managers are problems themselves or causes of problems. As noted earlier, the ability of managers to achieve and maintain a condition of objectivity when dealing with their subordinates' problems is important in the conflict resolution process. If a manager is wrapped up in his or her own inner world, he or she will not be able to perceive clearly the feelings of others. The challenge to administrators is awesome: They must empathize with subordinates but not to the point of losing their objectivity.In many instances, aggrieved workers do not know how they really feel about their situation until they have communicated these feelings to someone else. Distressed workers may only be aware of inter nal discomforts. Providing opportunities for them to tell how they feel is usually the first step in isolating negative feelings and related behaviors. They may have previously communicated internal discomforts by arguing with, laughing at, or avoiding contact with other workers. Talking about negative feelings can provide a better view of them and a better chance for managing them.While allowing an employee to ‘tell’ is a valuable technique in resolving problems, it is only a first step. Telling should be related to some end and not merely an end in itself. Solutions must be sought. Perhaps the major distinction lies between talking about the discrimination and sexual harassment conflict and talking through the discrimination and sexual harassment conflict. In the first instance, usually nothing more than random talk, free association of ideas occurs. In the second instance, more structured thinking occurs: a problem is acknowledged, its implications and related behavi ors examined, and solutions pondered.Talking through a problem excites all the body processes, often causing increased heartbeat and sweating. The whole person is caught up in it. It is imperative that distressed workers focus on problems that can be solved. This is by far the most efficient use of one's energies. For example, an older worker who focuses on his age, a woman on her gender, and a Hispanic on his ethnicity are all wasting valuable time and energy, as they cannot alter those things. However, if they focused on ageism, sexism, and, racism, then something constructive is possible. Managers must also focus on problems that have the potential of being solved.Some of the questions to be answered by managers and supervisors during this process are: †¢ What is the problem? (Who did what, when, where, what happened? ) †¢ Who senses (feels) the problem? (Only the aggrieved, co-workers, supervisors? ) †¢ How are you personally affected? (Emotionally, socially, econ omically, professionally? ) †¢ What was the immediate cause for what happened? †¢ What organization rules and regulations pertain to the problem? †¢ Who can act to resolve this problem? †¢ What do you want to happen? †¢ What are your options? †¢ What will you do? ConclusionDiscrimination and sexual harassment management in the organization is a reflection of how the changing world and market place will be in the future. Diversity will enhance respect for individual differences within the organization and hence make it able to create a competitive advantage in the organization. Discrimination and sexual harassment management in the organization is able to benefit associates through the creation of safe and fair environment for all. Future research is needed to examine the consequences that the alignment among organizational processes and structures has for levels of organizational discrimination.This is critical because an intervention into a single proc ess or structure is unlikely to effectively reduce discrimination and sexual harassment. For example, if top management leaders adopt a strategic business plan that explicitly involves reducing discrimination and sexual harassment, but fail to also build a culture of inclusion, their efforts are likely to be ineffective. It would be useful to examine how individuals perceive the alignment of organizational processes. More generally, research needs to take a systems approach to discrimination and sexual harassment. Restate your thesis somewhere near the end of your paper.