THE EFFECTS OF ALTITUDE ON HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY Changes In Altitude Have A

THE EFFECTS OF ALTITUDE ON HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY Changes in altitude have a profound effect on the human body. The body attempts to maintain a state of homeostasis or balance to ensure the optimal operating environment for its complex chemical systems. Any change from this homeostasis is a change away from the optimal operating environment. The body attempts to correct this imbalance. One such imbalance is the effect of increasing altitude on the body's ability to provide adequate oxygen to be utilized in cellular respiration. With an increase in elevation, a typical occurrence when climbing mountains, the body is forced to respond in various ways to the changes in external environment. Foremost of these changes is the diminished ability to obtain oxygen from the atmosphere. If the adaptive responses to this stressor are inadequate the performance of body systems may decline dramatically. If prolonged the results can be serious or even fatal. In looking at the effect of altitude on b ody functioning we first must understand what occurs in the external environment at higher elevations and then observe the important changes that occur in the internal environment of the body in response. HIGH ALTITUDE In discussing altitude change and its effect on the body mountaineers generally define altitude according to the scale of high (8,000 - 12,000 feet), very high (12,000 - 18,000 feet), and extremely high (18,000+ feet), (Hubble, 1995). A common misperception of the change in external environment with increased altitude is that there is decreased oxygen. This is not correct as the concentration of oxygen at sea level is about 21% and stays relatively unchanged until over 50,000 feet (Johnson, 1988). What is really happening is that the atmospheric pressure is decreasing and subsequently the amount of oxygen available in a single breath of air is significantly less. At sea level the barometric pressure averages 760 mmHg while at 12,000 feet it is only 483 mmHg. T his decrease in total atmospheric pressure means that there are 40% fewer oxygen molecules per breath at this altitude compared to sea level (Princeton, 1995). HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The human respiratory system is responsible for bringing oxygen into the body and transferring it to the cells where it can be utilized for cellular activities. It also removes carbon dioxide from the body. The respiratory system draws air initially either through the mouth or nasal passages. Both of these passages join behind the hard palate to form the pharynx. At the base of the pharynx are two openings. One, the esophagus, leads to the digestive system while the other, the glottis, leads to the lungs. The epiglottis covers the glottis when swallowing so that food does not enter the lungs. When the epiglottis is not covering the opening to the lungs air may pass freely into and out of the trachea. The trachea sometimes called the "windpipe" branches into two bronchi which in turn lead to a lung. Once in the lung the bronchi branch many times into smaller bronchioles which eventually terminate in small sacs called alveoli. It is in the alveoli that the actual transfer of oxygen to the blood takes place. The alveoli are shaped like inflated sacs and exchange gas through a membrane. The passage of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood is dependent on three major factors: 1) the partial pressure of the gases, 2) the area of the pulmonary surface, and 3) the thickness of the membrane (Gerking, 1969). The membranes in the alveoli provide a large surface area for the free exchange of gases. The typical thickness of the pulmonary membrane is less than the thickness of a red blood cell. The pulmonary surface and the thickness of the alveolar membranes are not directly affected by a change in altitude. The partial pressure of oxygen, however, is directly related to altitude and affects gas transfer in the alveoli. GAS TRANSFER To understand gas trans fer it is important to first understand something about the behavior of gases. Each gas in our atmosphere exerts its own pressure and acts independently of the others. Hence the term partial pressure refers to the contribution of each gas to the entire pressure of the atmosphere. The average

Best Topics For a Narrative Essay - 3 Things You Need to Know

Best Topics For a Narrative Essay - 3 Things You Need to KnowSo you've finally decided that it's time to craft your first narrative essay. Writing a good one isn't as hard as you might think, but there are some very important elements to keep in mind when you're thinking about what topics to use for your essay. In this article, I'm going to give you three of the most important things to look for in a topic that you can use in your essay. By following these three things, you'll be able to create a fantastic essay that makes a strong first impression on the readers.First, a quality essay must be able to attract the attention of your reader. If you have a topic that isn't strong enough to get the readers' attention, then you're not going to be able to make your essay read as strongly as you want it to. Therefore, one of the best things you can do is to look for topics that will have high potential to attract the attention of your readers.For example, a topic that has a lot of potential for getting the attention of your readers is one that has a lot of similarities to their own personal life. When you're discussing your own life and your life in general, you're engaging your readers in your story. You're putting them inside your world and they can almost feel like they're a part of your story. This way, you are able to keep the attention of your readers. With this power, you can turn your story into a success and the rest of your writing will follow suit.Another reason why you should be looking for topics that have lots of potential for your readers is because you want to create a successful story with the help of your narrative. You don't want to have just one powerful aspect in your story. Instead, you want to make sure that you have many strong and powerful aspects to your story. In order to do this, you should consider researching the background of the people you'talking about. This is important because when you research the background of the people you're talk ing about, you will be able to find out more information about them and their life.You can also have a lot of fun with research if you have a lot of fun researching your own life. It's hard to research yourself because when you do, you might end up discovering something that's not that interesting. However, when you have fun researching yourself, you'll be able to find more interesting information about yourself. In this way, you'll be able to make your life interesting to the readers and in turn, they'll be able to relate to your story and thus get the chance to find their own life interesting.This is a good example of how you can use your research to have fun while creating your narrative. By doing this, you're being creative and you're letting your imagination run wild. In this way, you're able to generate a powerful story.The final thing you need to look for in a high quality topic for your narrative essay is the theme. A good theme can make a huge difference in your essay. With out a good theme, you won't be able to achieve any kind of success with your essay.Without having a theme, you won't be able to draw attention from your audience and get them interested in what you're trying to say. With a great theme, you will be able to get your audience to take action in whatever direction you want them to go. That's why you need to choose the best topics for a narrative essay the right way.

Writing an Essay While Sleep Deprived

Writing an Essay While Sleep DeprivedWriting an essay while sleep deprived is not as difficult as you may think. I did not fully understand this when I was in college, and I was not completely aware of it until I graduated and started working. It can be done.As someone who has experienced this, I have come to realize that having a good idea is only the first step. If you are sleep deprived and do not have the right tools, it could be difficult to get through the article and the essay as well.The next thing that you need to do is to keep your body comfortable, because it is only through your mind that you will be able to formulate a good idea. In order to help get some rest, try not to over think what you are going to write. When you find yourself lost in thought, just stop for a moment and reflect.Your next step should be to determine which problem area you want to write about. While you may think that it is important to write about something 'you do', when it comes to your body, you will be better off to focus on something that you can personally relate to. Doing this is also beneficial, because you will be able to relate to it as a person.After you have decided on your topic, it is time to let go of any worries that you may have about sleep deprivation. It is the fastest way to relax, so long as you do not sleep too much. It will be fine if you take a few minutes to play some relaxing music or to visit with family and friends.When you start to write, it is very important to write the same time each day. For this reason, I recommend that you write your essay at the same time every single day. Take advantage of those times that you have off from work and don't have to worry about your essay. Just relax and clear your mind and start to write.Once you have finished writing, you should be able to identify any specific ideas or topics that you should write about. Try to put them into different categories such as money, health, relationships, job, or education.Remem ber that the more you study the more you will learn and the more you learn the more you will retain. Good luck!

Research Paper Topics on Nuclear Weapons

Research Paper Topics on Nuclear WeaponsHow does one decide on the best research paper topics on nuclear weapons? First, make sure you choose an appropriate topic. Some of the more controversial topics are likely to attract many critics who may throw a lot of mud at you for daring to touch upon an area of politics and the future of the nuclear arsenal.Also, keep in mind that there is not a lot of time to conduct research into this highly sensitive topic. Do not allow yourself to be hurried into making a decision on the topic because deadlines are always a concern.Research paper topics on nuclear weapons are also important because they can help in your future job search. If you decide to get a job at one of the major research labs, you will want to know the best topics and research papers on the topic to give off a strong impression of professionalism and ability to do quality work. Also, consider these factors before choosing a topic for your research paper:The idea of learning from research papers is one that can get you interested in doing more of it. These papers, when presented at a conference, have the ability to inspire researchers to work harder to meet the deadline. Also, consider the fact that this particular paper will get you into the track at the school that you want to attend and to further your studies.Because nuclear weapons are such a serious issue, research paper topics on nuclear weapons should include factual data that is easily verified. No one wants to read a paper that has weak and shaky arguments and the authors are simply picking and choosing which data to include to fit the topic. Your research paper should not have strong points but rather solid evidence and examples of results.Also, you need to consider your topic. It is very important that the information you present is well supported by facts and evidence and you need to prove it to your readers. Remember that the information you present in your research paper is the first impressio n of you to the students at the school.Make sure that you also have your research paper topics planned out properly. With all the different topics on nuclear weapons, there is likely to be some overlap as some of the topics are already covered in other types of papers.One of the most effective research paper topics on nuclear weapons is the investigation of technologies that would lessen the threat of nuclear weapons proliferation. It is very important that you research all the options before coming up with a solid outline. If you choose a topic that has already been covered in a previous paper, it could come across as less substantial and also less effective.

History Topics For Research Paper

History Topics For Research PaperYou can easily find history topics for a research paper, if you know where to look. It's possible to have your work published in academic journals for any of the topics that you are interested in.Some people find that they like to go into their research papers after they have read a book or watched a movie. If this is the case, you might want to start researching different time periods, or other aspects of history that interest you. For example, if you want to look at how times changed, there are books that cover this topic.There are also several books about such periods as the first years of the American Civil War. There are others that look at things that happened in each nation before the French and Indian War. This is another great way to start to research topics for a research paper. You can pick up these books and take a look at them, before you actually start writing your paper.Once you have researched the topic that interests you, it's very li kely that you'll want to know how to put together your research paper. The first thing you will want to do is see what resources are available for you. You can do this by searching for related books, magazines, or other areas of information.As you study topics for a research paper, you should consider what you are looking for. You may want to look for the information that you can't find in other sources. If this is the case, you will want to search for websites that are dedicated to studying topics for a research paper.You will find that a lot of these websites offer valuable research material. You can find details about the war in France, for example. You can even find out some historical information about different time periods.When you are done with your research paper, you will likely be asked to submit a report. This might be an assignment, or it might just be to go over your own work with a professional.