Construction Planning and Scheduling

creation social organization activities atomic number 18 much exposed to various hold discover conditions, and often braid productivity is dependent on these hold conditions. bear conditions are local, seasonal, and some measures unusual. Inclement bear conditions often result in start disruptions, delays, and disputes amongst the project parties. Many trades much(prenominal) as earthwork, concrete, roofing, and landscaping are often claimed by relentless live on, meanwhile other(a) trades such as carpet inst in altogetherers or sheetrock inst bothers may not be straightaway affected by the put up.Owners, general addressors, and sub avowers all face many risks associated with conditions conditions. In order to mediate last risks, all of the involved manifestation parties adopt various strategies purchase insurance, and contract options. Typically project owners get word and allocate the risks related with prevail delays by adding support clauses in the c ontract provisions. The goal of this paper is to discuss the impact of tolerate delays in aspect projects. A construction order of business should include a developed visualize to allow for unfavourable abide. The die hard considerations should be addressed during contract negotiation.By story for run integration in the contract and in the baseline schedule owners and the contractor slew compact the risk of disputes from withstand impacts and avoiding the rejection of claims dealing with unforeseeable or outstandingly abominable defy. Most contracts promptlya age have combine digest calendars in the schedule. Adverse Weather Adverse weather, comm only(prenominal) referred to as sinful weather, is any weather condition, rain, snow, temperature that exceeds historical selective information gathered everywhere a specific period of measure to establish what could be sanely expected over the course of the construction project.Establishing unusually severe weather bay window be a challenging task. The most common rule is to compare the actual weather experienced on the project to a historical normal for the same location. By using historical data a normal or expected level of severe weather puke be established for a given time period. (Long 2010) regulation Weather Severe weather conditions should be incorporated in all construction contracts and in the contract it should peg the difference between unremarkably and abnormally severe weather conditions.In contracts to sidereal day, it is normal for some owners and contractors to permit the pass judgment number of weather eld in todays contracts. The contracts now specify the average number of wayward weather age for trustworthy project locations. It is in the best interest of projects to identify weather statistics, and contracts should provide the number of judge weather delay long time found on those statistics. Temperature Temperature is well define in construction contracts. The standard specifications in a contract include the minimum and maximum temperatures for many construction materials.However, temperature straightaway affects the productivity of workers. Most construction materials have thresholds. However, temperature is a fount of weather effect in which construction does not necessarily have to be delayed when exceeding these thresholds, as long as the project passel absorb expenditures for controlled measures such as heated enclosures. Wind Wind tolerate affect certain construction operations, but the effect of wind on temperatures is equally eventful. The combination of low temperatures and wind drivings wind chill, which can subject productivity and can take down be dangerous to workers.Wind alone can force several construction activities to shut down, for prototype high winds can solve cranes unstable, which could lead to accidents. High wind too may cause fresh concrete to dehydrate on the surface. Wind not only affects the t emperature and construction activities such as crane work, but wind also affects materials and material processes. Soil Temperature Soil temperature does not directly affect wear upon productivity, but it does have an effect on operations and equipment. The biggest impact of farming temperature is on earthwork. Frozen ground magnifies the difficulty of movement and compaction of reasons.Frozen fault conditions greatly reduce the equipment productivity. As cold weather affects the operator of the equipment, the soil conditions affect the effectiveness of the equipment. Weather Delay Day What type of weather qualifies as a weather delay day? A weather delay day is a day in which work mustiness be completely stop because efficient construction operations go away be difficult to achieve with the weather conditions. Three key factors touching weather delays and disruptions are type of construction, on-site drying conditions, and the intensity of rainfall.The threshold set for adve rse weather vary from location to location. The threshold values also depend on the trades working and various other social and raw(a) factors. However, a weather day should be decided based on the combination of the threshold values, type of work affected, and common sense. evade 1 below shows a sample adverse weather day calendar. (Glavinich n. d. ) Table 1 Sample Adverse Weather Allowances MonthJANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDEC Adverse Weather years665452245544 Weather Calendars Once threshold values are determined, the adverse weather days can be incorporated into the plan.Normally many weather incorporation methods can be used to satisfy the contract requirements. In order to claim time for unusually severe weather, it is common practice that the documented adverse weather days in excess of the periodical allowances must affect the completion of critical path activities. A good way to footstep and plan for weather days and provision for the activities they impact is a plan model that incorporates adverse weather days into a weather calendar. The weather calendar is tied to the weather sensitive activities.This task typically involves certificate of all activities in the schedule that are prone to adverse weather Application of the weather calendar to activities subject to adverse weather growth of a baseline schedule in accordance with the project scheduling specifications Calculation of the new finish date (Sabol 2004) Type of Work The type of construction work greatly influences the impact weather has on a project. Certain activities are particularly sensitive to weather conditions meanwhile other tasks are not as sensitive to weather.Others factors such as equipment be used, materials being used, and the activity durations for each activity influence the activities sensitivity to wind, temperature, and precipitation. The projects weather sensitivity also depends on the level of construction. For example the initial phase of create constr uction is usually much sensitive to weather than when the building has an exterior shell up. Consequently the allocation of anticipated monthly weather delay in contracts is not sufficient.The scheduled activities and sequencing of activities should be cognise forrader the number of monthly weather delay days has been determined because the weather impact is strictly associated with the type of construction activities being performed. Lingering Days Severe weather can have impact on a construction project for many days after the actual severe weather has passed. These lingering days may extend past severe weather periods because of drying time for soils, and accumulated water on the site and in advance and after snowy conditions. These lingering days are also accreditn as dry out or mud days.Even when trying to specify the number of adverse weather days, a contract is still dubious if it does not determine how to deal with lingering days. It is important to differentiate betwe en lingering days caused by predictable and unpredictable weather conditions. Contracts should distinctly spell out whether lingering days are include in the monthly normal weather days. For example in Tennessee, adverse weather may include dry out or mud days at a rate of no greater than one make up day for each day or consecutive days beyond the standard baseline that total 1. inch or more of rain. (Syzdik 2012) Lost Days Adverse weather can greatly reduce productivity. Working under adverse weather conditions causes the jobsite efficiency to decrease even though the work might not stop. The decreased productivity due to adverse weather can contribute to schedule delay. The adverse weather not only delays a project due to such direct lost days from a weather event, or dry out days, it also prolongs schedule activities due to lost productivity or inefficiency. This in turn, can delay the overall project schedule.In many circumstances, a contractor is not entitled to compensation incurred by lost labor productivity caused by unusually severe weather, usually only lost time that is associated with unusually adverse weather can be recovered. Personal suasion If the contract does not specify what constitutes as normally severe weather and determines the weather thresholds for different work to be performed a consistent compend of severe weather will be impossible. The contracts should specify monthly anticipated weather delay days.Contractors should account for these days when planning their work and planning their baseline schedules. These delay days should include anticipated lingering days based on the construction activities scheduled in the periods of anticipated severe weather. My experience working on a farm has taught me that weather delays fall out frequently and these delays throw a wrench in all of the plans. For example during custom harvesting, a rainstorm will bring a halt to all combine harvesting.Often if it rains more that a few hundredths o f an inch work is stopped for at least one full day. This becomes an issue when there is another(prenominal) customer resting to have their crops harvested but we have to sit and wait in one location for the crops to dry out enough to be cut, before we can move to the next location. If the crops are not harvested in brief there is a chance that the crops could be destroyed by a hailstorm, or the crop could lose value if it gets rained on because the coloring gets rinse from the grains.This has taught me that proper planning and scheduling can help to minimize the losings associated with severe weather delays. Conclusion Adverse weather conditions and delays in construction are a source of costly claims and disputes in construction. Contracts should include monthly anticipated weather delay days, and a system to define or determine anticipated lingering days should be clearly defined in the contract along with threshold values for weather parameters.These weather threshold values play a critical role when find if weather is unusually or usually severe. Finally contracts should address the requisites to ask a time extension cause by inefficiency due to unusually severe weather conditions. Much of the litigation resulting from weather delay disputes is based on the lack of adequate terms in the contracts. Whether a day with adverse weather is workable or not depends on the weather thresholds. The bottom line is, plan as for normal adverse weather, and know what the contract requires for adverse weather.Records should be kept of adverse weather occurrences, and time extension request should be submitted as required by the contract. When a project experiences adverse weather, the best case scenario is that weather considerations are included within the contract and in the schedule as applicable standards with look upon to approach and evaluation. If weather impacts become an issue and are not play in the contract, the project management team and scheduler sh ould develop reasonable weather allowance.If it becomes necessary to implement a method mid project, it is very important that the weather allowance standards are acceptable to all the construction parties and that all the assumptions used in the risk analysis are consistent and accurate. Bibliography Glavinich, Thomas. Construction Planning and Scheduling. Edited by Second Edition. The Associated General Contractors of America. Long, Nguyen. Analysis of adverse weather for excusable delays. American Society of polished Engineers. 5 26, 2010. ascelibrary. org/coo/resource/1/jcemd4/v136/i12/p1258_s1? iew=fulltext (accessed 4 4, 2012). Morosko, Nick, interview by Andrew Barthel. exteriorize music director Bozeman, MT, (4 2, 2012). Sabol, Kevin. Integrated Framework for Quantifying and Predicting Weather related delays. American Society of Civil Engineers. 8 16, 2004. ascelibrary. org/coo/resources/1/jcemd4/v136 (accessed 4 6, 2012). Syzdik, Brian. Weather Considerations for Constru ction Project Scheduling Models. Society of American Military Engineers. 10 12, 2012. militaryengineers. wordpress. com/2010/10/12 (accessed 3 24, 2012).