Essay --

Comparison Matrix PaperChloe DixonGrand Canyon UniversityLDR2 Progression in leading ThoughtFebruary 12, 2014IntroductionWhen analyzing transformational leadership, it is eventful to determine the fairness of a leader in an organizational setting. The article, Are transformational leaders fair? A multi-level study of transformational leadership, justice perceptions, and organizational citizenship behaviors (2010) by Cho and Dansereau rivet on discovering the mental process that motivated the association in the midst of transformational leadership and individual and group-level multifocal managerial social responsibility behaviors. In The Relationship Between Transformational Leadership Followers Perceptions of Fairness, (2012) by Bacha and walker, the focus shifted to study the relationship between transformational leadership and the employees discernment of fairness from the leader, whether it was distributive, procedural, and interactional in French firms. The connection be tween the two articles is their focus on transformational leadership and the relationship between the followers perceptions of the leader. Cho and Dansereau (2010) determined their study was important to conclude how followers, individual and group-level, perceived transformational leaders. Bacha and Walker (2012) determined the procedures and interactions the leaders had with the employees were intensely acquainted with transformational leadership. Both articles presented their case for their research questions, validating their studies.Research QuestionsAlthough the articles shared similarities, each had their own disposition delineated by their research questions. Cho and Dansereau (2010) developed four research qu... ...rming relationships with employees was made clear by being efficient and fair to preserve and inspire their workforce. These results can be still studied in a dissertation that is duplicated in a different culture to test the consistency of its findings. Using the information from these two studies, it is clear that transformational leaders behaviors have an impact on their followers perception (Bacha and Walker, 2012 Cho and Dansereau, 2010). ReferencesBacha, E., & Walker, S. (2013). The Relationship Between Transformational Leadership and Followers Perceptions of Fairness. Journal Of Business Ethics, 116(3), 667-680.Cho, J., & Dansereau, F. (2010). Are transformational leaders fair? A multi-level study of transformational leadership, justice perceptions, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 21(3), 409-421.

Grigory Pechorin: The Superfluous Man Essay -- essays research papers

Mikhail Lermontovs protagonist, Grigory Pechorin, belongs to that group of literary characters kn own individually as the superfluous man. Generally an intelligent, educated individual, the superfluous man would appear to be integrity who has been either unjustly treated or outcast by society in general. The superfluous man attempts to find a place for himself in the world, just now perhaps due to the combination of his talents, upbringing, personality and intelligence, continually finds himself on the outs with his peers.If the above definition is accepted as valid, then Pechorin might appear to be the everlasting(a) superfluous man. From the outpouring of his tale of woe to Princess Mary, we may come to the conclusion that Pechorin has no concept of cause and effect, at least not as it applies to himself as the cause. Moreover, it becomes fairly apparent that he is of the belief that he is a victim of the world, which is more interesting, as one considers the culture of victimi zation that has become popular in recent years. Who has not heard the excuse, I did it because my (parents/state representative/dog) (harassed/bit/abused) me when I was a child. In my opinion, the growing interest in pop psychology and the think fields of social psychology and child psychology have greatly contributed to the decay of moral rectitude and the concept of taking responsibility for ones own actions.The interpretive program attributes Pechorins capriciousness to the lack of employment for his gifts. I do not agree with that assessment, as it has been my experience that only those who have made up their minds to lack nidus leave behind be unable to find an activity that occupies their mind and appeals to them. One possible pursuit would be some form of art. Skill matters little, if the activity is pleasing. cultural appreciation, gastronomical excess, or sexual exercise would all be suitable endeavors. We see that Pechorin certainly takes pleasure in the company of wo men, though in his own words, I must confess I dont really like strong-willed women, (111), the female sex does not hold an unbounded appeal for him. But his relationship with Vera, and his response to Maxim Maximychs inquiry about Bela clearly show that he is capable of feeling some emotion for others, although he refuses to expressing it. This is entirely Pech... ...given all it needs to detain and learn intellectually, but no moral boundaries, will come to be greatly like a sociopathic personality. They will most likely be incapable of relating to others, save as far as they are themselves effected. They will not display anything near the level of enlightened self-interest that enables society. For all intents and purposes, they will be a sociopath, and due to the initial lack of guidance, they will be at best highly resistant to change, and at worst, totally irredeemable. Pechorin is either a coward, in which case he should be pitied, if not despised for his unwillingness to change, or he is a sociopath, in which case he should be exterminated, without a spark of guilt or pity, for the benefit of society. He clearly does not fall into the sociopathic category, as his displays of emotion &8211 faint though they are &8211 prove. So he is a coward, unwilling to come to terms with himself.Pechorin is not merely the superfluous man of the 19th century, but rather a mirror held up for all of humanity. His insensitivity, fear, and self-loathing reflect us still to this day.

John Miltons Paradise Lost as Christian Epic Essay example -- Milton

nirvana Lost as Christian Epic John Miltons swell epic poem, paradise Lost, was written between the 1640s and 1665 in England, at a time of rapid change in the western world. Milton, a Puritan, clung to traditional Christian beliefs throughout his epic, provided he also combined signs of the changing modern era with ancient epic style to craft a masterpiece. He chose as the subject of his great work the fall of man, from Genesis, which was a very popular story to discuss and retell at the time. His whole life had led up to the completion of this sterling(prenominal) work he put over twenty years of time and almost as many years of study and travel to build a timeless classic. The success of his poem lies in the fact that he skillfully combined classic epic tradition with strongly held Puritan Christian beliefs. In Paradise Lost, Milton uses many conventions of the classic epic, including an invocation of the Muse, love, wa, a solitary voyage, heroism, the supernatural and mythi cal allusion. Milton writes, Sing, Heavenly Muse, that on the secret top of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire that shepard who source taught the chosen seed in the beginning how the heavens and earth rose out of Chaos. Here he invokes the traditional muse of the epic, yet in the very(prenominal) sentence he identifies the muse as a Christian being and asks him to sing of Christian tales. A central theme of Paradise Lost is that of the lately and true love between Adam and Eve. This follows both traditonal Christianity and conventional epic style. Adam and Eve are created and placed on earth as our for the first time two parents, yet the only two of mankind, in the happy garden placed, reaping immortal fruits of joy and love, uninterrupted joy, unrivaled love, in blissful solitude.(... ...le in virtuoso sentence. Thus, he successfully completes the tapestry which he has created, weaving the Bible and the genre of the epic closely together to create a work of art. Throughout Par adise Lost, Milton uses various tools of the epic to convey a traditional and very popular Biblical story. He adds his own touches to make it more of an epic and to set forrader new insights into Gods ways and the temptations we all face. Through his uses of love, war, heroism, and allusion, Milton crafted an epic through his references to the Bible and his selection of Christ as the hero, he set forth a beautifully religious Renaissance work. He masterfully combined these two techniques to create a beautiful story capable of withstanding the test of time and touching its readers for centuries. kit and caboodle CitedScott Elledge, ed., Paradise Lost, second edn. (NY Norton, 1993).

Expository Writing Essay -- Teaching Education

Expository WritingI really dont have any idea on where to start this paper, where it should go, and how it should end. It seems that Im having a dismiss problem grasping the idea of expository writing. Its like when you were a kid trying to make it all the way across the monkey bars. You want to be able to reach that future(a) rung and you try very hard, but or sohow you scarce cant reach it. I seem to be having that problem. Right now, as I write, Im not exactly sure Im arrival the goal of this assignment, but this may be the best that it gets.All through elementary school, high school, and my crank year of college, I was taught (and believed it was the only right way) that you must start your paper with a introduction, followed by the body of the paper, and wrap up your main thoughts in the conclusion. Although, in the past three weeks, I have learned that writing can go beyond those boundaries. Now, isnt that a shock after all these years of courtly education. It just doesn t seem right not to construct a paper in the way I have always done in the past, or should I say as this bad habit Ive always had. But is actually bad? It always appeared to fit me just right.I am not planning a career in writing. I only want to add and subtract numbers, things that make sense to me. These are the things I understand, to some extent anyhow. There is no alternate interpretation of fourteen minus seven. It will always be seven, no matter how you look at it or who looks at it. It will always be seven. There is one definite answer and if you get it wrong, youre just plain wrong. No ifs, ands, or buts about it. No one can decide that on some particular day that fourteen minus seven is eight. It is impossible. The answer will, f... ...convey your message and get the reaction(s) you want, what is there to adjustment? How about leaving well enough alone? If its not broke, why fix it?As I look back through this paper, I am not certain I have met the requirements of this wr iting assignment. I feel as though I am still trying the reach that next bar on the monkey bars as I did when I was young. No matter how much I struggle and lunge for the next rung, it is just barely out of my reach. But in all actuality, is that what Im really trying to accomplish? Is just reaching the next rung my main objective? No, reaching the end of the monkey bars is my goal. As for right now, I would be happy just reaching that next rung. As my first paper in approximately two years, I hope it is not too terribly bad. As the quarter progresses, I hope to improve in this writing zeal that is all too new and foreign to me.

Similar Plot of Muder Mysteries :: Papers

Similar Plot of Muder Mysteries The structures of the two stories atomic number 18 very different, with The Speckled Band story unfolding in chronological order, finding out the capital punishmenter right at the end, however in the Lamb to the Slaughter, the murderer is known at the beginning of the story. The two stories are seen from two different points of view, first-person narratorinTheSpeckled Band as Dr Watson acharacter within the story and therefore limited in understanding and the all-knowingthird-person narratoror omniscient in Lamb to the Slaughter as the narrator stands outside the story itself and guide the ratifiers understanding of characters and the significance of their story. Most murder mysteries have the typical victims, murderers, and detectives, this is especially true in the older murder mysteries by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The Speckled Band has a typical detective, the famous detective being Sherlock Holmes with his deer stalke r hat and pipe always thickheaded in thought about the investigation his arms folded, his hat pulled down over his eyes, and his chin sunk upon his breast, buried in the deepest thought. But in the Lamb to the Slaughter the detectives are so foolish and naives, a complete contrast to Sherlock Holmes. Sherlock Holmes comes across as a typical fictional detective. In addition Miss Stoner, in The Speckled Band is a typical victim, vulnerable, anxious, weak and scared. She says It is not cold which makes me shiver, she was worried for her life. This line grips the reader and we can sense that something sinister is about to happen. Also in The Speckled Band, Dr Roylott, is the evil, plotting, devious, fictional murderer, this character was pictured in most murder mysteries stories written in the late 19 century. The Speckled Band was written in 1892. In the Lamb to the Slaughter we had no idea who the murderer and victim were going to be until the murder had been committed, in fact you might of thought the roles would have been reversed once reading the first few pages. The detectives in the story are portrayed as

Similar Plot of Muder Mysteries :: Papers

Similar Plot of Muder Mysteries The structures of the two stories are very different, with The Speckled tie story unfolding in chronological order, finding out the manslayer right at the end, however in the Lamb to the Slaughter, the murderer is known at the beginning of the story. The two stories are seen from two different points of view, first-person narratorinTheSpeckled Band as Dr Watson acharacter within the story and therefore limited in understanding and the all-knowingthird-person narratoror omniscient in Lamb to the Slaughter as the narrator stands outside the story itself and guide the readers understanding of characters and the significance of their story. Most murder mysteries have the typical victims, murderers, and detectives, this is especially uncoiled in the older murder mysteries by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The Speckled Band has a typical detective, the famous detective being Sherlock Holmes with his deer stalker chapeau and pipe a lways deep in thought about the investigation his arms folded, his hat pulled down over his eyes, and his chin sunk upon his breast, buried in the deepest thought. But in the Lamb to the Slaughter the detectives are so foolish and naives, a complete contrast to Sherlock Holmes. Sherlock Holmes comes across as a typical fictional detective. In addition Miss Stoner, in The Speckled Band is a typical victim, vulnerable, anxious, weak and scared. She says It is not cold which makes me flush, she was worried for her life. This line grips the reader and we can sense that something sinister is about to happen. Also in The Speckled Band, Dr Roylott, is the evil, plotting, devious, fictional murderer, this character was portrayed in some murder mysteries stories written in the late 19 century. The Speckled Band was written in 1892. In the Lamb to the Slaughter we had no idea who the murderer and victim were going to be until the murder had been committed, in fa ct you might of thought the roles would have been reversed once reading the first few pages. The detectives in the story are portrayed as

The Return: Midnight Chapter 33

Elena was waiting for the fog to disperse. It had come in as always, bit by bit, and now she was wondering if it would ever leave, or if it were actual y another trial itself. Therefore, when she suddenly realized she could see Stefans shirt in front of her, she matt-up her heart bound for joy. She hadnt messed anything up lately.I can see itStefan said, pul ing her up beside him. And then, Voil only in a whisper.What, what?cried Bonnie, bounding forward. And then she stopped too.Damon didnt bound. He strol ed. further Elena was crook toward Bonnie at the while, and she saw his face as he saw it.In front of them was a sort of smal castle, or large gateway with spires that punctu passing the low clouds that hung above it.There was some kind of writing everywhere the huge cathedral-like black accesss in front, simply Elena had never seen anything like the squiggles of whatever extraneous language it was.On either side of the building, thither were black wal s that were nearly as tal as the spires. Elena facial expressi onenessd left and right and realized that they disappeared only out at the vanishing point. And without magic, it would be impossible to fly over them.What the boy and lady friend in the story had discovered only by fol owing the wal s for days, they had just walked straight into.Its the Gatehouse of the Seven Treasures, isnt it, Bonnie?Isnt it? LookElena shouted.Bonnie was already looking, both hands pressed against her heart, and for once without a say to say. As Elena watched, the diminutive girl fel to her knees in the light, powdery snow.But Stefan answered. He picked up Bonnie and Elena at the same time and whirled them both. It ishe said, just as Elena was saying It is and Bonnie, the expert, gasping,Oh, it real y, actually iswith tears freezing on her cheeks.Stefan swan his lips to Elenas ear. And you know what that reckons, dont you? If that is the Gatehouse of the Seven Treasures, you know where we are standing now?Elena t ried to ignore the warm, tingling sensation that ray of light up from the soles of her feet at the feeling of Stefans breath on her ear. She tried to focus on his question.Look up,Stefan suggested.Elena did and gasped.Above them, instead of a fog bank or incessant crimson light from a sun that never stopped setting, were three moons.One was enormous, covering perhaps a sixth of the sky, shining in swirls of white and blue, hazy at the edges. Just in front of it was a beautiful silvery moon at least three quarters as big as it was.Last, there was a tiny moon in high orbit, white as a diamond, that seemed to be deliberately keeping its remoteness from the other two. Al of them were fractional ful and shone down with gentle, soothing light on the un stony-broken snow around Elena.Were in the Nether World,Elena said, shaken.Ohits just like in the story,Bonnie gasped. Exactly like.Even the writing Even the amount of snowExactly like the story?Stefan collected. Even to the phase of t he moons? How ful they are?Just merely the same.Stefan nodded. I thought they would be. That story was a precognition, given to you with the purpose of helping us find the largest star bal ever made.Well, lets go insidecried Bonnie. Were wasting timeOkay but everyone on your guard. We dont want anything to go wrong now,Stefan said.They went into the Gatehouse of the Seven Treasures in this order Bonnie, who found that the swell black doors swung open at a touch, but that she could see nothing, coming in from bright sunlight Stefan and Elena, hand in hand and Damon, who waited outside for a long time in the hopes, Elena thought, of universe deemed a different party.Meanwhile the others were having the most pleasant shock since theyd taken the Master Keys from the kitsune.salvia SageBonnie shril ed as soon as her eyes adjusted. Oh, look, Elena, its Sage Sage, how are you?Whatre you doing here? Oh, its just so good to see youElena blinked twice, and the dim interior of the octagon al room came into focus. She went around the only element of furniture in the room, the large desk in the middle. Sage, do you know how long it seems? Did you know that Bonnie almost got sold for a striver at a public auction? Did you know slightly her dream?Sage looked as he always had to Elenas eyes. The bronzed, terminal y fit body, like a example of a Titan, the bare chest and bare feet, the black Levis, the long spiraling tangles of bronze hair, and the strange bronze eyes that could cut steel, or be as gentle as a pet lamb.Mes deux petits chatons, Sage was saying. My two little kittens, you have astounded me. I have been fol owing your adventures. The Gatekeeper is not provided with frequently entertainment and is not al owed to leave this fortress, but you were most brave and amusing. Je vous felicite.He kissed first Elenas hand and then Bonnies, then embraced Stefan with the Latin two-cheeked kiss. Then he resumed his seat.Bonnie was climbing Sage as if she were a real k itten. Did you take Misaos star bal ful of Power?she demanded, kneeling on his thigh. Did you take half of it, I mean? To get back here?Mais oui, I did. But I also left Madame Flowers a little Do you know that Damon used the other half to open the Gate again? And that I fel in too, even though he didnt want me? And that because of that I almost got sold as a slave?And that Stefan and Elena had to come after me, to make sure I was okay? And that on the way here Elena almost fel off the bridge, and were not sure if the thurgs are firing to make it? And do you know that in Fel s Church the Last Midnight is coming, and we dont know Stefan and Elena exchanged a long, meaningful glance and then Stefan said, Bonnie, we have to ask Sage the most important question.He looked at Sage. Is it possible for us to that Fel s Church? Do we have ample time?Eh bien. As far as I can tel from the chronological vortex, you have enough time and a little to spare. Enough for a glass of Black delusio n to see you off. But after that, no dawdlingElena felt like a crumpled piece of paper that had been straightened and smoothed. She took a long breath. They could do it. That allowed her to find civilized behavior.Sage, how did you get stuck way out here? Or were you waiting for us?Helas, no I am assigned here as punishment. I got an Imperial Summons that I could not ignore, mes amis.He sighed and added, I am just Out of Favor again. So now I am the ambassador to the Nether World, as you see.He waved a languid hand around the room. Bienvenue.Elena had a sense of time ticking away, of precious minutes being lost. But maybe Sage himself would do something for Fel s Church. You real y have to stay in here?But assuredly, until mon pre my father Sage said the word savagely and resentful y relents and I am al owed to return to the Infernal Court, or, much better, to go my ways without ever returning. At least until person takes the pity on me and kil s me.He looked inquiringly aroun d the group, then sighed, and said, Saber and Talon, they are well?They were when we left,Elena said, itching to get on with their real problem here.Bien, Sage said, looking at her kindly, but we should have your full group in here for the viewing, no?Elena glanced at the doors and then again at Stefan, but Sage was already cal ing both with voice and telepathy Damon, mon poussinet, do you not want to come in with your comrades?There was a long pause, and then the doors capable and a very sul en Damon stepped in. He wouldnt reply to Sages friendly, Bienvenue, instead saying, I didnt come here to socialize. I want to see the treasures in time to save Fel s Church. I havent forgotten about the damned hick town, even if everyone else has.Alors maintenant, Sage said, looking wounded. You have al passed the tests in your way and may look upon the treasures. You may even use magic again, although I am not sure that it wil help you. It al depends upon which treasure you seek. Felicit ations Everyone but Damon made some question of embarrassment.Now,Sage continued, I must show each gate to you before you can pick. I wil try to be quick, but be cautious, sil vous pla?t. Once you subscribe a treasure, that is the only door that wil open again for any of you.Elena found herself clutching at Stefans hand which was already reaching for hers as one by one the doors shone with a faint, silvery light.Behind you,said Sage, is the very gate you entered to get into this room, yes? But next to it, ahA door brightened to show an impossible cavern. Impossible because of the gems guile on the ground or sticking out of the cave wal s.Rubies, diamonds, emeralds, amethystseach one as big as Elenas fist, lying thick in great piles for the taking.Its beautiful, butno, of courseshe said firmly, and reached out to put a hand on Bonnies shoulder.The next door lit up, brightened, then brightened more so that it seemed to disappear. And here,Sage sighed, is the famous kitsune paradi se.Elena could feel her eyes widen. It was a sunny day in the most beautiful park she had ever seen. In the background a little waterfal spil ed into a creek, which ran down a green hil , while directly in front of her was a stone bench, just the size for two, underneath a tree that looked like a cherry in ful bloom.Blossoms were flying in a breeze that rustled other cherry and peach trees nearby do a rain of dawn-colored petals. Although Elena had only seen the place for a moment, it already seemed familiar to her. She could just walk into itNo, StefanShe had to touch his arm. He had been walking right into the garden.What?he said, vibration his head like someone in a dream.I dont know what happened. It just seemed as if I were going to an old, old homeHis voice broke off. Sage, go on, pleaseThe next door was already lighting, showing a scene with rack after rack of Clarion Loess Black Magic wine. In the distance, Elena could make out a vineyard with lush grapes hanging heavily, fruit that would never see the light of the sun until it was made into a famous liquid.Everyone was already sipping at their glasses of Black Magic, so it was easy to say noeven to the luscious grapes.As the next door brightened Elena heard herself gasp. It was bril iant midday. Growing in a field as far as she could see were tal bushes thick with long-stemmed roses the blossoms of which were a velvety-looking black.Startled, she saw that everyone was looking at Damon, who had taken a step toward the roses as if involuntarily. Stefan put an arm out, barring his way.I didnt look very closely,Damon said, but I think these are the same as the one Idestroyed.Elena morose to Sage. Theyre the same, arent they?But yes,Sage said, looking unhappy. These are al Midnight roses, noir pur the sort in the white kitsunes bouquet. But these are al blanks. The kitsune are the only ones who can put spel s on them like the removal of the curse of a vampire.There was a general sigh of disappointme nt among his listeners, but Damon just looked more sul en. Elena was about to speak up, to say that Stefan shouldnt be put through this, when she tuned in to Sages words and the next gate, and felt a surge of simple, selfish longing herself.I cerebrate you would cal it La Fontaine of Eternal Youth and Life,Sage said. Elena could see an ornate fountain playing, the effervescent spray at the top making a rainbow. Smal butterflies of al colors flew around it, alighting on the leaves of the bower that cradled it in greenery.Meredith, with her cool head and straightforward logic wasnt there, so Elena dug her nails into her palms and cried NoNext oneas apace and forceful y as she could.Sage was speaking again. She made herself listen. The Royal Radhika Flower, which legends say was stolen from the Celestial Court many mil ennia ago. It changes shape.A simple enough thing to saybut actual y to see itElena watched in astonishment as a dozen or so thick, twining stems, topped by gorgeous white cal a lily blossoms, trembled slightly. The next instant she was looking at a cluster of violets with velvet leaves and a drop of dew shining on a petal. A moment later, the stems were topped with radiant mauve snapdragons with the dewdrop Stillin place.Before she could remember not to reach out and touch them, the snapdragons had become deep, ful y open red roses.When the roses became some exotic golden flower that Elena had never seen, she had to turn her back.She found herself bumping into a hard, masculine, bare chest while forcing herself to think realistical y. Midnight was coming and not in the form of a rose. Fel s Church needed al the help it could get and here she was staring at flowers.Abruptly, Sage swung her off her feet and said, What a temptation, exceptional y for a lover of la beaute like you, belle madame. What a foolish rule to keep you from taking just a bud But there is something even higher and more pure than beauty, Elena. You, you are named for it. I n old Greek, Elena means light The darkness is coming fast the Last, Ever stopping pointing Midnight Beauty wil not oblige it back it is a bagatel e, a trinket, useless in times of disaster. But light, Elena, light wil conquer the darkness I reckon this as I believe in your courage, your honesty, and your gentle, loving heart.With that, he kissed her on the forehead and set her down.Elena was dazed. Of al the things she knew, she knew best that she could not defeat the darkness that was coming not alone.But youre not alone,Stefan whispered, and she realized that he was right beside her, and that she must be wide open, projecting her thoughts as clearly as if she were speaking.Were al here with you,Bonnie said in a voice twice her size. Were not afraid of the dark.There was a pause while everyone tried not to look at Damon. At last he said, Somehow I got talked into this insanity Im Stillwondering how it happened. But Ive come this far and Im not going to turn around now.Sage tu rned toward the final door and it brightened. Not by much, however. It looked like the shady underside of a very large tree. What was odd, though, was that there was nothing at allgrowing under it. No ferns or bushes or seedlings, not even the normal y ever-present creepers and weeds. There were a few dead leaves on the ground, but otherwise it was just dirt.Sage said, A planet with only one corporeal form of life upon it. The Great Tree that covers an entire world. The crown covers al but the natural freshwater lakes it demand to survive.Elena looked into the heart of the twilit world. Weve come so far, and maybe together maybe we can find the star bal that wil save our town.This is the door you pick?asked Sage.Elena looked at the repose of the group. They al seemed to be waiting for her confirmation. Yes and right now. We have to hurry.She made a motion as if to put her cup down and it disappeared. She smiled thanks at Sage. strictly speaking, I shouldnt give you any help,he s aid. But if you have a compassElena had one. It was always dangling from her backpack because she was always trying to read it.Sage took the compass in his hand and lightly traced a line on it. He gave the compass back to Elena and she found that the needle no longer pointed to the north, but at an angle northeast. Fol ow the arrow,he said. It wil take you to the trunk of the Great Tree. If I had to guess at where to find the largest star bal , I would go this way. But be wary Others have tried this path. Their bodies have nourished the Great Tree as fertilizer.Elena scarcely heard the words. She had been terrified at the thought of searching an entire planet for a star bal . Of course, it might be a very smal world, likelikeLike the little diamond moon you saw over the Nether World?The voice in Elenas mind was both familiar and not. She glanced at Sage, who smiled. Then she looked around the room. Everyone seemed to be waiting for her to take the first step.She took it.

Bill Proposal Essay

A severe mental illness (SMI) is an assembly of mainly psychotic conditions that are, by description, elongated and related to compromised societal functioning. As stated by the surgeon generals report of 2010, one out of five adults, or nearly 40 zillion Americans, suffer from some type of psychological ailment annually.In addition, about five percent of the U. S population suffers from chronic mental disorder for instance, bipolar, major depressive disorders, schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders, (Surgeon General Report, 2010). Most individuals with severe mental ailments have a co-occurring substance abuse disorder. Valuations propose that up to 8 million grownups in the US have a mixture of at least one co-occurring psychological condition and substance-related illness in a yearly.In comparison to individuals with a primary mental or substance abuse disorder, individuals with co-occurring disorders tend to be more symptomatic, have multiple wellness and social problems , and require more pricy care, including inpatient hospitalization (Center for Mental wellness Services and Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2000). Many are at increased risk of homelessness and incarceration. Of the 10 million adults who enter US jails each year, about700, 000 of them have co-occurring disorders (United States Department of Justice Statistics, 1997).In 2000, the Centre for NHS Service Delivery and Organizations research identified the look at for a number of systematic improvements to the continuing care processes for vulnerable groups of patients, including those with co-occurring disorders (Fulop et al. , 2000). For example, there has been a lot of deinstitutionalization. Rather than hospitals attempting to meet the health and social needs of patients, this parturiency is now carried out by a variety of primary and secondary health and social care raisers.These agencies, often times driven by poor resources and limited well trained medical personnel hav e led to several concerns about untoward incidents involving mickle with SMI. Repeated official inquiries have joined such concerns to failures to coordinate patient care. (Fulop et al. , 2011). Continuity of care has therefore assumed particular significance in the US behavioral health system and as such, a bill mandating improve delivery and sustainability of care for people with co-occurring disorders willing protect, promote and preserve better mental health for residents in Arizona.This bill will Mandate primary and secondary health care providers to collaborate strongly with clinical institutions to ensure both coordination and sustainability of care to the severe mentally ill. Provide alternate activities of daily living to people with severe mental illness thereby redirecting them from forms of misconduct and eventual jail time. Ensure improve quality of care for people already diagnosed with co-occurring disorders which will lead to treatment and rehabilitation to norma l life. Reduce homelessness as those properly treated will gain employable skills and find work.The press release of this bill will come at a time when many organizations and the general public have shown interest in working together to provide better services to the mentally ill in our community. The Arizonan Department of Health has a Division of Behavioral Health that collaborates with Regional Managed Care Providers RBHAS (Regional Behavioral Health Agencies) to provide coordinated care for behavioral health recipients, the Center for Human Rights also partners with hospitals and health providers to protect and ensure fair treatment of people with mental illnesses as well as the US federal government through its increasedfunding for mental health diagnosis and treatment.After the shooting in Tucson, and the recent mass shooting of children in Connecticut, the Colorado theater , and the recurrent shootings in Fort Hood, the public is more willing to support and advocate for ame nd coordination of care for the mentally ill, especially people with co-occurring disorders.Health and migration laws have been long standing in us politics,its an ongoing process and batlle. TheUnited States is in the midst of a heated debate on immigration policy, and a renewed debate on health care reformhas also begun in anticipation of the 2008 presidential election. both(prenominal) of these debates present an important opportunity to revisit health policies affecting immigrants and to craft solutions that are grounded in evidence about the vulnerability of immigrant groups and the potential consequences of lack of find for their health and the health of the nation.To do so, however, will require serious consideration of how various commissariat of the immigration and health reformproposalsmight interact to affect immigrants access to health care. On the immigration reform side, what will temporary work visas and time limits on stays mean for immigrants health care access a nd experiences? What are the implications for immigrants health and mental health of provisions barring families from immigrating with a worker?Provisions that expand opportunities for legal residency and citizenship for undocumented immigrants already in the Assignment marker Criteria Bill Proposal Research various modes of health care delivery systems and analyze how they promote and support the health care needs of vulnerable populations. draught a bill intended for your local legislative representative describing your selected mode or modes of delivery and explain how it will promote and support vulnerable populations. heart and soul 12 points possible Points available Points earnedExplains needs of vulnerable populations in health care Describes the rationale for the proposed bill to include the selected mode of delivery 5 Contains an analysis of current health care delivery systems States the benefits of the proposed bill Identifies resources that support and promote the ne eds of vulnerable populations 5 Defines necessary terms and identifies any provisions of the proposed bill 2 Format 3 points possible Points available Points earned Follows rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation Has a structure that is clear, logical, and easy to follow.

Major Problems In California History Essay

The major arguments in the two essays by Cletus E. Daniel and Devra Anne Weber revolved around the harsh working conditions and poor wages that the create workers were subjected to in California. These injustices prompted reactions from the call down workers through strikes that were organized by their unions and mutual aid societies in a bid to negotiate for better wages and improved standards of living. The essays too highlight the fact that the farm workforce in California comprised majorly of Mexican workers and a minority of Filipino workers.Finally, the essays highlight the unsuccessful nature of the attempts by the farm workers to push for reforms in their working and living standards as swell up as negotiating for wage increase. However, there also exist some differences amongst the conclusions of the two essays. gibe to Devra, the Mexican union headed by the Mexican Consul, Terrazas was able to reach an agreement with the growers concerning the conditions and wages of the Mexican workers. The agreement included a wage payment of between twenty five to thirty five cents per hour and thirteen cents a crate.It also suggested guaranteed access to water to workers furnished by the growers. Devra also records that this agreement was reached without pick up support of the union. According to her, the issue of communism was vital in the history of California labor. This comes to light with the agreement of the growers to give protection to their workers against the communist agitators (Weber, 295). Cletus however does not record any instance where such an agreement was reached between union members and growers.He concludes by showing the plight and helplessness suffered by the farm workers pursual the failure to procure better working conditions and higher wages. Cletus distanced capitalism as the cause of the problems experienced by the farm workers citing that they believed their problems to be as a resolution of low wages (Daniel, 288). As far as t he difference in the conclusions of the two essays is concerned, the question on the accuracy of the California history of labor comes to mind. This is a problem that is brought about by the uniqueness of each author in interpretation of events and occurrences in history.This in the two essays is brought to light by the link created by Devra between the problems the growers were experiencing with the farm workers and communist agitators while Cletus explores this issue from a capitalist perspective and its link to the problems experienced by the farm workers. The olympian Valley installing reveals a number of issues about labor and unionism in the US. To begin with, it highlights the frustrations of the farm workers in terms of poor working and living conditions as well as low wages which led to the surge in protests and strikes.It is these frustrations that necessitated the participation and formation of unions so as to fight for the rights of the workers following the realizatio n that the only counseling that they could be heard was only if they acted collectively. Another issue that is revealed is the use of authorities to suppress the unionization attempts of the workers as well as to deny them their rights of assembly and strikes. The growers use city, county, state and federal authorities to quell strikes by the workers.There also was the unfair trial of the leaders of the unions for example the El Centro trial which were meant to intimidate next leaders of the unions. Finally, it appears that it is the communists that were actively involved in the fight for the rights of the farm workers as well as the unionization attempts. This is because it is the communists that came to head the unions and organize strikes against the growers who were capitalists. References Daniel Cletus E. Communist Organizers in the Imperial Valley Weber Devra A. Mexicano Farm workers on Strike

Hockey Sport Essay

Hockey is a fast, exciting sport played by two teams on a sheet of ice called a rink. individually team has six musicians on the ice, one finishingie, two defensemen, two wingers, and one center man.The fakes skate up and down the ice shooting or transit a hard rubber disk called a puck with sticks. They score points by hitting the puck into the remuneration.Hockey is much faster and swifter than any otherwise sport. As the players streak across the ice, their powerful shots and tosses can send the puck faster than 100 miles 160 kilometers per hour. A goalkeeper on each team defends his benefit from the puck going in. They must(prenominal) often make quick slides across the on their skates, stomachs, knees or backs to stop the puck from going into the net. A puck that crosses the goal line is a called a goal and scores a point for the other team.The side that scores the most goals wins the game. To keep the action fast, hockey game has an out-of-the- steering rule. It i s the only major sport that allows players to change or substitute during play. The game is rough and includes lots of hitting and some fights, although fighting is against the rules.The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Persians, Romans, and Arabs, perhaps among the earlier of stick-and-ball games, played forms of hockey. A sport like to hockey, called Hurling, is known to have been played during the 1st millennium in Ireland, and other Europeans in the Middle Ages adopted similar sports. The historians dont know for certain where the name Hockey came from. But most of them thought the name hockey have been adapted by the position from the French word hoquet (shepherds crook). How ever was the name first given to the sport in the 18th century, but was not in common habit until the 19th century.Hockey then started in Canada in the mid-1800s. By the 1900s it had become Canadas national sport. Since then, hockey has become popular in many an(prenominal) other countries including Russia, Sweden and the United States. Hockey is grouped in many different divisions including baby hockey, which is grouped into age categories, SJHL, WHL, OHL and IHL, which involve the smaller cities in province or state, and NHL, which involve the bigger, better known cities in Canada and the United States. Each period begins with a face-off at the center face-off spot. A face-off in addition starts play again after it has been stopped for any reason.During play, the puck must normally be kept moving. If it is hit over the boards, held by the goalie, out of the arbiters sight, frozen between opposing players, or is otherwise temporarily out of play, an prescribed blows a whistle for a face-off. A player whitethorn move the puck along the ice, pass it to a teammate, or shoot it at the goal, but rules limit these plays in certain ways. One extremely central rule states that no player of the fight team may be in the attacking zone ahead of the puck. One player must obligate or shoot the puck across the attacking blue line before any other player on the team crosses the blue line.For violations of this rule, an official signals the offending team offside and conducts a face-off in the neutral zone. A player may pass to a teammate anywhere in the same zone. The player may also pass from the defending zone to a teammate in their teams half of the neutral zone. If the pass is received past the centerline an official signals the pass offside and conducts a face-off where the play began.Hockey requires a variety of skills. They include checking, skating, passing, stick discourse and shooting. Checking is the way a player takes the puck away from the opponent. There are two main types of checks stick checks and trunk checks. For a stick check the player lend oneselfs his stick to hook or poke the puck away from the opponent. In a body check the player bumps against the opponent with a hip or a shoulder to try any block the opponents progress or throw the opponent o ff balance. Both stick checking and body checking are allowed only against a player in catch of the puck or the last player to control it. Skating is the most important hockey skill. Players must be able to turn sharply, skate backwards and perform many other maneuvers while skating at top speed. They must be able to do this with their head up and while stick handling the puck.Passing occurs when a player who has the puck passes it to another player. In most cases the players use their sticks to propel the puck toward the receiver. These passes are either flat passes or flip passes. To make a flat pass the player sends the puck traveling along the surface of the ice. To make a flip pass the player causes it to rise off the ice to avoid interception by an opponent. Sometimes the passer simply leaves the puck behind, so that a teammate can get it, this is called a drop pass.Stick handling is the use of the stick to control the puck. The player first moves the puck with one side of th e blade and then with the other side while skating. The player makes some sweeps of the stick some wide and some narrow. In this way the player keeps the opponent guessing as to the next move and also makes it difficult to steal the puck.Shooting is the skill needed to drive the puck into the net and score goals. Most shots are either wrist shots or slap shots. In a wrist shot the blade does not leave the ice. The player uses strong wrist action to propel the puck. For a slap shot the player raises the stick for a back swing and brings it down against the puck with not bad(p) force. Slap shots are more powerful but less accurate than wrist shots.Offside plays and icing account for most violations of the rules. For these violations, the offending team risks losing control of the puck in the resulting face-off. For more serious violations, players receive penalties ranging from two minutes in the penalty box to removal from the game, but each team must always have at least four playe rs on the ice. If a third player is penalized while two teammates are in the penalty box, a substitute may switch the player on the ice. A teammate may serve the goaltenders penalty.Hockey has five main kinds of penalties minor penalties, major penalties, misconduct penalties, match penalties and penalty shots.Minor penalties are given for violations like holding, tripping or hooking resulting in two minutes in the penalty box. The team must play understaffed until the time is up or the other team scores. But if the same minor penalty is awarded against players on both teams they sit for the full to minutes and two different players may replace them on the ice.Major penalties are given mainly for fighting or cutting or drawing blood with a stick, they result in five minutes in the penalty box. The penalized team must play short-handed for the full five minutes, but if a player on each team receives a major penalty at the same time, substitutes may replace both players on the ice. M isconduct penalties are given mainly toward the improper treatment towards an official, which results in ten minutes in the penalty box, but a substitute may replace the penalized player. A game misconduct penalty is given mainly for more serious offences against officials.Match penalties are given for deliberately injuring or attempting to injure an opponent. The offending player is removed for the rest of the game and usually given extra penalty minutes depending on the severity of the incident, which a player on that team has to serve.Penalty shots are free shots at the opposing goal defended by only the goalie. They are awarded against the defending team when an attacking player throws his stick or is pulled down from behind and is so prevented from taking the shot.Those are the rules and regulations of the fun and exciting game of hockey.

Retrospective Essay Essay

Part of growing as a sparer is looking back at what youve done and beholding how far youve come. In order to grow, you need to be able recognize where you started and where you are now. You need to be able to see what areas youre strong at as easy as, the areas you need to continue to improve upon. Starting out this semester, I didnt know where I stood or where I could go abutting as a writer. Until now. I feel like I have grown as a writer even in the short come up of time spent in W131. I have been able to graze the surface of a few of the course goals, but I am well aware there is still a massive amount of room to grow and learn.One of the course goals is to explore and analyze ideas in order to write with a strong sense of ownership. I think that there is a difference between writing a paper and slapping your name on it and constructing a piece you can be proud of and want to put your name on it, so everyone knows that this was your work. With my starting time paper, I fee l as if just terminated the assignment and slapped my name at the top. I didnt dive into the topic and really think about how this topic pertains to me. With the second paper, I sat have and reviewed my double sided entries, reread some of my highlighted points in Alone Together, and tried to really think about how the topic, technology, effected me and what my views were on it. I explored different routes I could lift out my paper.Analyzed what it would read like if I said I agreed with Turkle verses if I said Turkles ideas were silly and shouldnt be taken seriously. I had to decide what my stance was and own it. I had to own up to my ideas and opinions in order to write the assignment. I think that was an improvement from the start of the course. I was reassured when I turned in the second major writing assignment. I felt accomplished as a writer for turning in a complete piece opposed to just accomplishing an assignment.A goal that I didnt even know I needed improvement on, is writing a thesisand providing sufficient evidence to support it. Coming into the course, I thought I was proficient in this area. I thought my ideas were coming off as clear, concise, and colorful. After reading the reviews from my first paper, I realized my audience wanted more detail and description. My thesis is available and clear, but my audience was unsure of how I came to it. With my second paper, I tried to elaborate on different aspects to try to fulfill their requests.After my first ally review, I found out that I still had missed the mark. In class, I discussed my concerns with my peer reviewer to see what she thought I could further explain to make my paper stronger. She highlighted of few areas of concern and gave a few suggestions as to how I should go about fixing it. I think that I took her ideas into consideration and improved my paper. I think that although I did improve a little with this paper, that this is an area I struggle with and need to continue to wor k on.The area that I think I need the about work on is reflecting on my writing practices to improve them. While writing both papers for this course, I have had several different things going on simultaneously. Whether it was the T.V. on in the background, the dogs playing next to me, or even me just trying to eat some dinner, I could never fully devote my complete attention to just writing. This time around, I tried something different. I sat down with no interruptions and focused on my paper. I reread the outline, the course goals, and the fully attempted the planning guide. I tried to utilize the assistance given by the course and really tried to write on the topic truthfully. I had no distractions or what I had previously thought to just be helpful background noise. I think that although it might not drastically veer my writing abilities right away, over time this will help me improve upon the entire course goals because I will be fully devoted to accomplishing individually and every one of them.The final course goal that I feel I have really improved upon and will continue to improve upon is to shape, revise, and edit out my writing in order to meet the purpose and needs of my audience. Starting out, I wasnt very good at revising or ever-changing my paper. I wasnt open to others critiques and didnt want to take them into consideration. But through different classactivities like peer review, cutting drafts, and discussions on gratis(p) writes, I became more comfortable with the idea of revising. Like I said previously, with my first paper I thought I had revised bounteous and added enough detail to satisfy my readers. When I found out I hadnt accomplished that, I had to take that into consideration for the next assignment. After reading my peer review for the second assignment, I really tried to soak in what my peer was saying needed to be fixed. My peer said that, like my first paper, this paper also lacked details. I went home and reread and rerea d my paper trying to pinpoint where I needed to add or subtract. In the end, I feel like I add more detail effectively and made other revisions to improve my paper that strengthened it.Growing is a rattling part of life, as well as, a vital part of writing. The world around is ever changing and growing. As a writer I need to also be constantly changing and finding ways to improve myself and my abilities. Throughout the rest of the W131 course, I hope to continue to grow as a writer. I hope to continue to work on my weakness and transform them into one of my strengths, but also to continue of making my strengths even stronger.

Afterschool program Essay

The combined efforts of the Washington, DC School system and the Woodson Foundation in the development of an Afterschool program to help increase and improve student outcomes. They put one over identified amply room for improvement. Three of the primary(a) problems in the Washington, DC School systems are truancy, low student performance, and crime. They hire also identified overbold staff (t individuallyers) are quickly burnet out due to their initial enthusiasm in to want to help the students. This has caused a high turnover rate in new teachers, causing the school system to lose some of the best and brightest teachers to other school system in the area.The first stage in build a coalition is to select a representative from each of the organizations which lead be involved in the program. This will give equal representation crossways the team. It has been identified that an Executive ontogeny team should be established. This team will span across a multifunctional area to e stablish an operating plan for improve school performance. Participation from the Woodson Foundation and Washington, DC School system is the key element of a successful Executive Development team.However, representation from the National federation for Parental Involvement in education (NCPIE) should be considered, because they represent for the parent on the behalf of the PTA. The Coalition is in the forming stage of group development. A representative from each of the organizations will need to be assigned to the group. Then the group will need to figure out the groups purpose, structure, and the fitership of the group.In order for the Woodson Foundation to get this cohesive group, the stages of group development will need to be followed. The next step in the group development is storming. The representatives of the different organizations accept that the Executive Development team is needed, however each organization has their own principles they feel is important to the deve lopment. The leader is also established in this stage and there is a straighten hierarchy of leadership.The third phase is Norming In this stage, the Executive Development team has a solid group structure and a set of common expectations. Roles are established within this cohesive group.The fourth stage is Performing The structure of the Executive Development team is functional and all members accept it. The team is acting the tasks at hand and successfully completing them.The fifth stage is Adjourning. Even though the team is adjourning, they will collect the detailed analysis and put in concert a presentation of the Operational plan for improving the students performance in the After School program. Their findings will give clear rush of how to get the ASP going.One of the primary problems the Woodson Foundation is facing is what organization will lead the Executive Development team. In order for the leaders to lead this primary team, strong leadership and management is needed for top effectiveness. Todays leaders should challenge themselves to identify status quo, create visions for the future, and inspire organisational members to want to achieve organizational goals and visions. The representatives from each organization of the Executive Development team, has their own vision as to why their organization should take the lead in building the team.The secondary problem the Woodson Foundation is to identify goals and objectives. The Woodson Foundation primary objective is outsider involvement to get a bigger and clearer picture of the program. NCPIE primary objective is having parent imput. They feel the Woodson Foundation can come in and do all they want, however if the parents do not participate the program will not work. Washington, DC School system primary objective is to let the professionals get the job done. The administrators feel they have the background, education, and expertise to spear head the program. These sundry(a) backgrounds will enable the Executive Development team members, to have an understanding of the needs of the children participating in the ASP.One solution to the problem is building put between coalition members and parents. The leadership will need to create an environment of trust that is conducive to all. Trust facilitates information sharing, encourages taking risks. However, trust builds a more effect team and enhances productivity (Robbins, pg 315).My second solution would be to identify and define clear responsibilities within the group. Each individual must be answerable and successfully complete research, presentations, and analysis for their areas of focus. This can clearly be accomplished by soliciting input from other team members (Robbins, pg 316).Each member of the group should have some type of training in managing diversity, conflict resolution, team building, and team cohesiveness. All members should have a clear understanding of their roles within the group and crusade a climate of trust. Having a clear understanding of the leadership and its structure would better serve the Executive Development teams primary function. sue CitedRobbins, Judge, Stephen P., Timothy A. Organizational Behavior. 15th Edition. Pearson Learning Solutions, 2012. VitalBook file. Bookshelf.

Breakfast at Tiffany(TM)s Essay

eat at Tiffanys is a romantic comedy that was released in America in the year 1961. Breakfast at Tiffanys was based on the novella by Truman capote. It introduces a young woman, played by Audrey Hepburn whose profession is a high class males escort, prostitute.When studying the strike in more depth, I queried how and wherefore a high class prostitute film could be so best-selling(predicate). In my clause I will address and find out how and why the film is suave so popular equal a shot. The film is a total of 110 minutes in length which is consequently 20 minutes longer than an average romantic comedy of today.The root scene is one of the main reasons why Breakfast at Tiffanys is so popular today. When making a film the opening scene is extremely important and needs to include certain things for the film to be popular and rise selling. The opening scene of any film should set the scene and introduce the audience to the surroundings and setting of the film.When we see the cha racter, protagonist, for the first time we be automatically drawn in by her as she is in the foreground and the only thing moving in the scene, our eyes are focused on her. The audience feels connected with her and has an opportunity to be a part of her life.The audience is then introduced to one of the main themes throughout the film of Tiffanys Tiffanys after this film became more popular and some members and shoppers of Tiffanys say that consequently Tiffanys was made by the link of the film and the well known jewellers.As the scene progresses the camera follows her from the side as she walks. Then the camera changes to behind her with the use of an oer the shoulder shot to increase the already gained intimacy. The fact that she is an ordinary woman on an average day and she has nothing special eviscerates the audience almost feel they could be her.Another reason why it is still so popular today is that it fits in with the romantic comedy criteria. Every girl or most girls love romantic comedies. The comedy flowerpot be identified in many of the scenes. For instance at the part scenes where lots of comedic techniques and ideas are used such as the cigarette burning a womans purple headdress and Holly checking the time on a mans watch consequently pouring a drink on the womans headdress. Also the cat jumping on everybody as they walked through the door. The comedy is basic and not to detailed as to not over power the romantic aspect of the film and this is why the film is still so popular.The soundtrack of the film is based around the song Moon River lyrics by maverick Mercer, Music by Henry Mancini. The song is a total of 2 minutes 44 seconds and won an Oscar for the best original song. The music can be identified in many of the scenes, if care estimabley looked for. For instance in the party scene the song Moon River is played in the background but has been modify to create a more up-tempo version. The lyrics of Moon River are totally associated to the life of Holly Golightly. As the actress, Audrey Hepburn was no singer the song was very simple an only sing in one octave which almost makes the performance of the song more believable and the audience can relate to the lyrics more. The soundtrack can still be bought today from amazon and because it is still so widely available that helps the film persevere so popular.Due to the advertising of the film, the film was made more popular. The poster that was widely used was the image of Audrey Hepburn on a white background with a skirt of blue, red and yellow. The poster has many hidden meanings in the images and colours used, for example, the border colours used, when added together, make the background colour of white. The yellow also used could mean wealth and link to jewellery from Tiffanys. Audrey Hepburns name is in capitals and disconsolate lettering as the film sold off her name.The point of the protagonist takes up half of the poster as people aspire to be like her. The title of the film Breakfast at Tiffanys is in a red colour to represent Romance. In the background a shot of the difference scene is added to show the setting of the film and to reveal the ending. All these things together make the film still so popular by creating a picture and selection of images which stick in the audiences mind for eld to come. This poster can also still be bought in shops and on the internet.On Tuesday 5th declination 2006 the Givenchy dress used in the 1961 film, was sold for 1.2 Million dollars which keeps Breakfast at Tiffanys constantly in todays society so the popularity of it is still withheld. Fashion of the 60s is still popular today whether that is because of the film or not, people still dress in 60s garb and Audrey Hepburn is still kept as an admired icon.The novella that was used to base the film around had a different ending to the film. The ending of the novella resulted in Holly travelling to Brazil and sending Paul a postcard, Holly never wr ote to him again. The director made the choice to change the ending for a variety of reasons. The way the novella ended was on a cliff hanger with loose ends which wouldnt make the film popular, so the director of Breakfast at Tiffanys decided to make the ending in to a typical happy, clichd ending that ties up all loose endings as more people prefer happy endings and they stay popular after time. The way the ending of the film now ends is that the audience can walk away from the film feeling happy and uplifted full of aspiration to be like her. Sinse the ending was changed i believe that it has helped the film to be influential to our culture and stay popular after 50 years due to the film still being a part of todays present society.Breakfast at Tiffanys is still so popular today due to the hard work and important techniques used when making the film, the film was created to achieve all the necessary aspects of a romantic comedy which hasnt changed in the last 50 years consequentl y making the film still a big hit today.

Social Studies: The Invasion of Kuwait

loving studies nones Chapter 1 The Invasion of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of Kuwait, as well known as the Iraq-Kuwait War, was a major conflict ming take with the body politic of Iraq and the State of Kuwait, which expirationed in the s counterbalance-month dogged Iraki occupation of Kuwait, which subsequently led to direct durability interference by join States-led forces in the disconnect War. edit Dispute over the pecuniary debt Kuwait had heavy funded the 8 year long Iraki war against Iran. By the time the war ended, Iraq was not in a financial position to repay the $14 meg it borrowed from Kuwait to finance its war. 6 Iraq argued that the war had prevented the rise of Iranian influence in the Arab World. However, Kuwaits reluctance to pardon the debt get tod strains in the dealingship amidst the 2 Arab countries. During late 1989, whatever(prenominal) official meetings were held mingled with the Kuwaiti and Iraki attractions exactly they were un open to break the deadlock betwixt the two. edit Economic state of war and slant drilling According to George Piro, the FBI interrogator who questioned ibn Talal Hussein Hussein laterwards his prehend (in 2003), Iraq tried repaying its debts by raising the wrongs of oil through OPECs oil production cuts.However, Kuwait, a member of the OPEC, prevented a global increase in petroleum prices by increasing its own petroleum production, thus heavy(p) the price and preventing recovery of the war-crippled Iraki economy. 7 This was seen by m both in Iraq as an act of aggression, further distancing the countries. The whirl around in oil prices had a catastrophic impact on the Iraki economy. According to former Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz, every US$1 drop in the price of a metal drum of oil caused a US$1 billion drop in Iraqs annual revenues triggering an acute financial crisis in Baghdad. 5 It was estimated that Iraq lost US$14 bil lion a year payable to Kuwaits oil price strategy. 8 The Iraqi political science described it as a form of sparing warfare, which it claimed was aggravated by Kuwaits asseverate slant-drilling across the margeline into Iraqs Rumaila field. The dispute over Rumaila field started in 1960 when an Arab conference declaration marked the Iraq-Kuwait marge 2 miles north of the grey- or so tip of the Rumaila field. 9 During the IranIraq War, Iraqi oil drilling trading trading operations in Rumaila declined objet dart Kuwaits operations increased.In 1989, Iraq accused Kuwait of using advanced drilling techniques to exploit oil from its share of the Rumaila field. Iraq estimated that US$2. 4 billion worth of Iraqi oil was stolen by Kuwait and demanded compensation. 1011 Kuwait dismissed the accusations as a false Iraqi ploy to justify armament action against it. Several Ameri fag end secures running(a) in the Rumaila field also dismissed Iraqs slant-drilling claims as a smokescr een to disguise Iraqs more(prenominal) guiden intentions. 9 edit Kuwaits lucrative economy After the IranIraq War, the Iraqi economy was struggling to recover.Iraqs civil and military debt was higher than its put forward budget. closely of its ports were unloaded, oil fields mined, and traditional oil customers lost. Despite having a total land arena 1/25th of Iraq, Kuwaits coastline was twice as long as Iraqs and its ports were some of the busiest in the Iranian disconnect region. The Iraqi judicature clearly realized that by seizing Kuwait, it would be able to solve most of its financial problems and consolidate its regional authority. Due to its sex actly underage size, Kuwait was seen by Baghdad as an easy target as well as a historically integral part of Iraq isolated by British imperialism.The Persian disjuncture War (2 high-minded 1990 28 February 1991), commonly referred to as the Gulf War, and also known as the world-class Gulf War1213, the Second Gulf War,14 15 by Iraqi leader ibn Talal Hussein Hussein as The Mother of all Battles,16 and commonly as withdraw from Storm for the military response, was the final conflict, which was initiated with coupled Nations authorization, by a partnership force from 34 nations against Iraq, with the expressed purpose of firing Iraqi forces from Kuwait after its invasion and annexation on 2 awful 1990.The invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi army that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation, and brought immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by members of the UN security Council. U. S. professorship George H. W. supply deployed American forces to Saudi-Arabian Arabia and urged other countries to identify their own forces to the scene. An array of nations joined the compaction of the Gulf War. The great majority of the military forces in the calculus were from the United States, with Saudi Arabia, the United fusee and Egypt as leading contributors, in that order.Around US$40 billion of the US$60 billion cost was paid by Saudi Arabia. 17 The initial conflict to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait began with an aerial bombardment on 17 January 1991. This was followed by a ground assault on 23 February. This was a decisive victory for the coalition forces, who liberated Kuwait and advanced into Iraqi grunge. The coalition ceased their advance, and declared a cease-fire 100 hours after the ground stir up started. Aerial and ground chip was limit to Iraq, Kuwait, and areas on the border of Saudi Arabia.However, Iraq launched rockets against coalition military targets in Saudi Arabia. Further information Iraq-United States relations Through aside much of the Cold War, Iraq had been an ally of the Soviet Union, and there was a history of friction amid it and the United States. The U. S. was bring uped with Iraqs position on IsraeliPalestinian politics, and its disapproval of the nature of the peace between Israel and Egypt. The U. S. also disliked Iraqi s upport for various Arab and Palestinian militant groups such as Abu Nidal, which led to its inclusion on the developing U.S. list of state sponsors of international terrorism on 29 declination 1979. The U. S. remained officially neutral after the invasion of Iran, which became the IranIraq War, although it assisted Iraq covertly. In March 1982, however, Iran began a successful counter unquiet surgical procedure Undeniable triumph, and the United States increased its support for Iraq to prevent Iran from forcing a surrender. In a U. S. bid to clean full diplomatic relations with Iraq, the country was removed from the U. S. ist of state sponsors of terrorism. Ostensibly this was because of improvement in the political sciences record, although former United States Assistant Secretary of Defense Noel Koch later stated, No one had any doubts about the Iraqis proceed involvement in terrorism The real reason was to help them succeed in the war against Iran. 18 With Iraqs new demons trate success in the war, and its rebuff of a peace offer in July, arms sales to Iraq reached a record spike in 1982. An obstacle, however, remained to any potential U.S. -Iraqi relationship Abu Nidal continue to operate with official support in Baghdad. When Iraqi President ibn Talal Hussein Hussein expelled the group to Syria at the United States request in November 1983, the Reagan administration sent Donald Rumsfeld to meet President Hussein as a special envoy and to cultivate ties. Main article Invasion of Kuwait By the time the ceasefire with Iran was sign in August 1988, Iraq was virtually bankrupt, with most of its debt owed to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.Iraq pressured both nations to forgive the debts, but they refused. Kuwait was also accused by Iraq of exceeding its OPEC quotas and driving down the price of oil, thus further hurting the Iraqi economy. The collapse in oil prices had a catastrophic impact on the Iraqi economy. The Iraqi Government described it as a form of e conomic warfare, which it claimed was aggravated by Kuwait slant-drilling across the border into Iraqs Rumaila oil field. 19 Iraq claimed Kuwait had been a part of the Ottoman Empires province of Basra.Its ruling dynasty, the al-Sabah family, had concluded a protectorate agreement in 1899 that assigned responsibility for its foreign aff publicize travels to Britain. Britain drew the border between the two countries, and deliberately tried to limit Iraqs access to the ocean so that any future Iraqi regimen would be in no position to threaten Britains domination of the Persian Gulf. Iraq refused to accept the border, and did not distinguish the Kuwaiti governing until 1963. 20 In early July, Iraq complained about Kuwaits behavior, such as not respecting their quota, and openly exist to take military action.On the 23rd, the CIA describe that Iraq had moved 30,000 troops to the Iraq-Kuwait border, and the U. S. naval fleet in the Persian Gulf was placed on alert. On the 25th, Sadd am Hussein met with April Glaspie, an American ambassador, in Baghdad. At that meeting, Glaspie told the Iraqi delegation, We have no opinion on the Arab-Arab conflicts. On the 31st, negotiations between Iraq and Kuwait in Jeddah go baded violently. 21 On 2 August 1990 Iraq launched an invasion with its warplanes, barrage fire Kuwait City, the Kuwaiti capital.The main thrust was conducted by commandos deployed by helicopters and boats to beleaguer the city, while other divisions isolated the noteports and two breezebases. In spite of Iraqi sabre-rattling, Kuwait did not have its forces on alert, and was caught unaware. After two days of intense combat, most of the Kuwaiti Armed aims were either overrun by the Iraqi republican resistance, or had escaped to neighboring Saudi Arabia. After the decisive Iraqi victory, Saddam Hussein installed his cousin, Ali Hassan al-Majid as the governor of Kuwait. 22Saddam Hussein detained several Westerners, with video footage shown on state telecasting On 23 August 1990 President Saddam appeared on state television with Western hostages to whom he had refused exit visas. In the video, he patted a small British boy named Stuart Lockwood on the backward. Saddam thus asks, through his interpreter, Sadoun al-Zubaydi, whether Stuart is getting his milk. Saddam went on to say, We hope your presence as guests here will not be for too long. Your presence here, and in other places, is meant to prevent the scourge of war. 23 Within hours of the invasion, Kuwaiti and U. S. delegations pass a meeting of the UN security Council, which passed Resolution 660, condemning the invasion and demanding a withdrawal of Iraqi troops. On 3 August the Arab League passed its own resolution, which called for a solution to the conflict from within the League, and warned against immaterial intervention. On 6 August UN Resolution 661 placed economic sanctions on Iraq. United Nations Security Council Resolution 665 followed in brief after, w hich authorized a naval blockade to enforce the economic sanctions against Iraq.It said the use of measures commensurate to the proper(postnominal) circumstances as may be obligatory to halt all inward and outward maritime shipping in order to inspect and verify their cargoes and destinations and to ensure strict implementation of resolution 661. 24 adept of the main concerns of the west was the operative threat Iraq posed to Saudi Arabia. Following the conquest of Kuwait, the Iraqi military was within easy striking distance of Saudi oil fields. Control of these fields, along with Kuwaiti and Iraqi reserves, would have given Hussein control over the majority of the worlds oil reserves.Iraq also had a effect of grievances with Saudi Arabia. The Saudis had lent Iraq some 26 billion dollars during its war with Iran. The Saudis backed Iraq, as they feared the influence of Shia Irans Islamic revolution on its own Shia minority (most of the Saudi oil fields are in territory popul ated by Shias). After the war, Saddam felt he should not have to repay the loans due to the help he had given the Saudis by stopping Iran. Soon after his conquest of Kuwait, Hussein began verbally attacking the Saudi kingdom. He argued that the U. S. support Saudi state was an illegitimate and unworthy guardian of the B littleed cities of Mecca and Medina. He combined the language of the Islamist groups that had recently fought in Afghanistan with the rhetoric Iran had long used to attack the Saudis. 25 playacting on the policy of the Carter Doctrine, and out of fear the Iraqi army could launch an invasion of Saudi Arabia, U. S. President George H. W. Bush promptly announced that the U. S. would launch a all defensive mission to prevent Iraq from attack Saudi Arabia under the codename deed Desert Shield. Operation Desert Shield began on 7 August 1990 when U.S. troops were sent to Saudi Arabia due also to the request of its monarch, King Fahd who had earlier called for U. S. mi litary assistance. 26 This wholly defensive doctrine was quickly abandoned, as on 8 August, Iraq declared Kuwait to be the nineteenth province of Iraq and Saddam Hussein named his cousin, Ali Hassan Al-Majid as its military-governor. 27 Liberation of Kuwait Main article Liberation of Kuwait campaign American decoy attacks by transmit attacks and naval gunfire the night before the pocket of Kuwait were designed to make the Iraqis believe the main coalition ground attack would focus on Central Kuwait.On 23 February 1991, the 1st Marine role, 2nd Marine department, and the 1st Light armour Infantry crossed into Kuwait and headed toward Kuwait City. They overran the well designed, but poorly defended, Iraqi trenches in the jump fewer hours. The Marines crossed Iraqi barbed wire obstacles and mines, then engaged Iraqi tanks, which surrendered shortly thereafter. Kuwaiti forces soon attacked Kuwait City, to which the Iraqis offered light resistance. The Kuwaitis lost one soldier an d one aircraft, and quickly liberated the city.Most Iraqi soldiers in Kuwait opted to surrender rather than fight. edit Initial moves into Iraq edit Coalition forces enter Iraq General Colin Powell instruct then U. S. President George H. W. Bush and his advisors on the progress of the ground war Shortly afterwards, the U. S. VII corps assembled in full strength and, spearheaded by the 3rd Squadron of the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment (3/2 ACR), launched an armored attack into Iraq early on 24 February, just to the west of Kuwait, taking Iraqi forces by surprise. Simultaneously, the U. S.XVIII Airborne Corps launched a sweeping left-hook attack across the largely undefended resign of southern Iraq, led by the 3rd Armoured Cavalry Regiment (3rd ACR) and the 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized)). The left flank of this movement was protected by the French 6th Light Armoured Division Daguet). The French force quickly overcame the Iraqi 45th Infantry Division, suffering only a small numb er of casualties and taking a large number of prisoners, and took up blocking positions to prevent an Iraqi counter-attack on the Coalition flank.The right flank of the movement was protected by the British 1st Armoured Division. erstwhile the allies had penetrated deep into Iraqi territory, they turned eastward, in sexual climax a flank attack against the elite republican Guard before it could escape. The battle finised only a few hours. 50 Iraqi armored vehicles were destroyed, with few coalition losses. On 25 February 1991 however, Iraq launched a scud missile attack on Coalition barracks in Dharan, Saudi Arabia. The missile attack killed 28 American military personnel. 44The mixture of civil and military vehicles on the Highway of Death The Coalition advance was much swifter than U. S. generals had expected. On 26 February, Iraqi troops began retreating from Kuwait, after they had set its oil fields on fire (737 oil wells were set on fire). A long convoy of retreating Iraqi troops formed along the main Iraq-Kuwait highway. Although they were retreating, this convoy was bombed so extensively by Coalition air forces that it came to be known as the Highway of Death. Hundreds of Iraqi troops were killed.Forces from the United States, the United Kingdom, and France continued to pursue retreating Iraqi forces over the border and back into Iraq, fighting frequent battles which resulted in massive losses for the Iraqi side and light losses on the coalition side, eventually locomote to within 150 miles (240 km) of Baghdad before withdrawing from the Iraqi border. One hundred hours after the ground campaign started, on 28 February, President Bush declared a cease-fire, and he also declared that Kuwait had been liberated. CAUSES OF CONFLICTThere are three basic causes to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990. First, Iraq had long considered Kuwait to be a part of Iraq. This claim led to several confrontations over the years (see below), and continued hostility. A lso, it can be argued that with Saddam Husseins attempted invasion of Iran bruiseed, he sought easier conquests against his weak southern neighbors. Second, sizable deposits of oil straddled the ill-defined border and Iraq constantly claimed that Kuwaiti oil rigs were illegally tapping into Iraqi oil fields. shopping center Eastern deserts make border delineation fractious and this has caused many conflicts in the region. Finally, the fallout from the First Persian Gulf War between Iraq and Iran strained relations between Baghdad and Kuwait. This war began with an Iraqi invasion of Iran and degenerated into a bloody form of trench warfare as the Iranians slowly drove Saddam Husseins armies back into Iraq. Kuwait and many other Arab nations supported Iraq against the Islamic Revolutionary government of Iran, fearful that Saddams defeat could herald a wave of Iranian-inspired revolution throughout the Arab world.Following the end of the war, relations between Iraq and Kuwait deteri orated with a lack of gratitude from the Baghdad government for help in the war and the reawakening of old issues regarding the border and Kuwaiti sovereignty. 1973, March- Iraq occupies as-Samitah, a border post on Kuwait-Iraq border. Dispute began when Iraq demanded the right to occupy the Kuwaiti islands of Bubiyan and Warbah. Saudi Arabia and the Arab League convinced Iraq to withdraw. 1980-1988- Kuwait supports Iraq in the First Persian Gulf War with Iran.DESCRIPTION OF CONFLICT Amid exploitation tension between the two Persian Gulf neighbors, Saddam Hussein concluded that the United States and the easing of the outside world would not interfere to defend Kuwait. On August 2, 1990, Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait and quickly seized control of the small nation. Within days, the United States, along with the United Nations, demanded Iraqs immediate withdrawal. U. S. and other UN member nations began deploying troops in Saudi Arabia within the week, and the world-wide coalition bega n to form under UN authority.By January of 1991, over half a jillion allied troops were deployed in Saudi Arabia and throughout the Gulf region. Intense diplomacy between U. S. and Iraqi officials failed to bring an Iraqi withdrawal, so, on January 16, 1991, confederate forces began the devastating bombing of Iraq and her forces in Kuwait. The Allied bombing sought to damage Iraqs infrastructure so as to hinder her ability to make war while also hurting both civilian and military morale. To counter the air attack, Saddam ordered the launching of his feared SCUD missiles at both Israel and Saudi Arabia.He hoped to provoke the Israelis into striking back at Iraq, which he theorized would split the Arab nations from the anti-Iraq coalition due to the ongoing hostility between Israel and the Arab world. Israel came very close to retaliating, but held back due to President George Bushs pledge to protect Israeli cities from the SCUDs. As a result of this promise, U. S. Patriot missile b atteries ready themselves deployed in Israel to shoot down the SCUDs. Another result of the SCUD launches was to divert Allied air power from hitting the Iraqi army to hunting for the elusive mobile missile launchers.Even so, the Allied air strikes and cruise missile attacks against Iraq proved more devastating than expected. When the Allied armies launched the ground war on February 23, the Iraqi occupation forces in Kuwait were already beaten. Cut off from their supply bases and headquarters by the intense air campaign, thousands of Iraqi soldiers simply gave up rather than fight, as the Allies pushed through Iraqs defenses with relative ease. In the few cases where the more elite Iraqi forces, such as the republican Guard, stood and fought, superior American, British and French equipment and training proved the undoing of the Soviet-equipped Iraqis.By February 26, U. S. and Allied Arab forces, along with the underground Kuwaiti Resistance, controlled Kuwait City and Allied air f orces pounded the retreating Iraqi occupation army. In southern Iraq, Allied armored forces stood at the Euphrates River near Basra, and internal rebellions began to break out against Saddams regime. On February 27, President Bush ordered a cease-fire and the surviving Iraqi troops were allowed to escape back into southern Iraq. On March 3, 1991, Iraq accepted the equipment casualty of the cease-fire and the fighting ended. CONSEQUENCES OF CONFLICTSaddams second war of foreign conquest ended even worse than the first one. Iraq again stood defeated with the liberation of Kuwait. Despite the crushing defeat and subsequent Shiite and Kurdish rebellions, Saddams government retained a strong grip on power in Iraq. As a result of the cease-fire terms, Iraq had to accept the imposition of no-fly zones over her territory and United Nations weapons inspection teams sifting through her thermo thermonuclear and other weapons programs. The economic and trade sanctions begun during the war co ntinue to the present day, ontributing to severe economic hardship in Iraq. Some reports say hundreds of thousands of children have died due to the sanctions. There are no indications that the government or military suffer undo hardships. small-arm the world (and the United States and Europe), concentrated on Iraq, Syria moved to crush the last resistance to her de facto control of Lebanon, thus ending that countrys long civil war. It is believed that Syrias President Assad was given a let off hand to deal with Lebanon in return for joining the war in Kuwait.Its also believed there was a cash for annuity payment agreed upon When Yemen declared sympathy for Iraq, Saudi Arabia expelled upwards of a million Yemeni guest workers, causing economic hardship in Yemen and increased tension between the two neighbors. See Saudi-Yemen Border Conflict page. CASUALTY FIGURES Update as of August 2, 2009 Iraq Original figures listed 100,000 Iraqi military dead, but more recent estimates place Ir aqi dead at 20,000 military and 2,300 civilian. United States 148 killed in action, 458 wounded, and one Missing In Action (MIA). Also, 121 Americans died through non-combat incidents.The one MIA (compared to 1,740 MIA in the Vietnam War), was Navy pilot, Captain Michael Scott Speicher was fit down and was neither rescured, nor was a body found until, on August 2, 2009, the Pentagon announced that U. S. Marines stationed in Iraq had found Speichers remains. See also U. S. identifies remains of pilot missing in Persian Gulf WarLA Times, Aug. 2, 2009 Ironically, or perhaps intentionally, the Pentagon announced the recovery of Speichers on the 19th anniversary of Saddam Husseins invasion of Kuwait, which occurred on August 2, 1990, and sparked the following 19 years of war between the U.S. and Iraq. Gulf war (1990-1), a confine war in which a US-led coalition enjoying overwhelming technological superiority defeated the armed forces of Iraq in a six-week air campaign crowned with a 10 0-hour land campaign, with minimal coalition casualties. However, the coalition forces failed to destroy the Republican Guard, mainstay of the Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein, who remained a threat primarily because of his continued study of nuclear and chemical and biological weapons, leading to repeated aftershocks in the form of US and Allied air strikes throughout the 1990s.The proximate cause was the Rumaila oilfield straddling the Iraq-Kuwait border. In mid-July 1990 Saddam claimed that Kuwait had stolen oil from this field by sloping drilling and refused to pay back loans received from Kuwait to fund the recent Iran-Iraq war, saying that he had been doing the Gulf monarchies dirty work for them. Neither argument was completely without merit. He massed armour on the frontier and after being told by the US ambassador that the USA did not wish to become mingled in the dispute, at 01. 0 local time on 2 August the Iraqi tugs invaded. Minds were concentrated and Pres Bush denounc ed the invasion, alarmed that the Iraqis would carry on into Saudi Arabia and thus control half the worlds oil reserves. The UN condemned the invasion in Resolution 660, demanding immediate and domineering withdrawal and on 7 August the USA announced it was move forces in a joint operation with Egypt and Saudi Arabia empty SHIELD.The following day the UK announced it would send forces too, in GRANBY. On 29 November 1990 the Security Council adopted Resolution 678, authorizing the USA-led coalition to use all necessary means against Iraq to liberate Kuwait if it did not withdraw by 15 January 1991. Instead, the Iraqis reinforced their positions along the southern Kuwaiti border and by 8 January had an estimated 36 to 38 divisions, each nominally 15, 000 strong but actually considerably less.The coalition eventually had about 700, 000 troops in the theatre, with the main ground contributions coming from the USA and important contingents from the UK, France, Egypt, Syria, and Saudi Arabia, under the operational command of US Gen Schwarzkopf. The maintenance of the coalition, in which Arab states were lay out with infidels against another Arab state, was pivotal. It was therefore imperative to ensure that Israela target for Iraqi missile attacksshould stay out of the war.The Iraqis were known to have the means to deliver their chemical and biological weapons (CBW) with their al-Hussein missiles, which had a range of 373 miles (600 km), double that of the cowcatcher Soviet charge missiles on which they were ground. At 02. 38 local time on 17 January DESERT STORM began when US Apache helicopters began attacking Iraqi air defence sites near the border to clear a corridor through which a massive air armada then passed, beginning a 43-day air campaign involving 100, 000 sorties.The F-117A thievery light bomber was very successful in striking key targets in heavily defended Baghdad, as were sea-launched cruise missiles. Early targets were the Iraqi air defences, galvanisingal power, and command and control facilities, also suspected nuclear and chemical and biological warfare facilities. Although precision-guided munitions got all the publicity thanks to the excellent TV pictures they sent back, the bug out of the ordnance delivered were conventional bombs.As the campaign continued, the Allies switched to Iraqi ground forces although the elite Republican Guard was less badly damaged than the poorer quality infantry in the forward positions. Schwarzkopf later explained that this was because of his strong concern to avoid his ground troops being held up and rained with CBW. drawframe _The Gulf war, 1991 the land campaign, 24-8 February. surmount positions of forces 24 February. Bottom Allied envelopment of Iraqi forces (Click to enlarge)_Early on 18 January Iraq responded to the air attack by attacking Israel, the coalitions most vulnerable point. A missile landed in Tel Aviv, initially reported to have a chemical warhead. The coalition later denied this but the relevant log, released after the war, recorded it carried cyclo-sarin, a particularly deadly nerve gas. Israel prepared to counter-attack, but was dissuaded when the USA promised to destroy the Scuds. As a result, a great deal of run was diverted into the Scud hunt, although the mobile Iraqi missiles proved difficult to find.British and US special forces were also sent in to find and destroy Scuds, with mixed results. The US also used the Patriot, originally an anti-aircraft system, to shoot down incoming missiles, the first time anti-missiles were used in the history of war. Very few incoming missiles were actually hit and those that were broke up, possibly doing even more damage than they would have otherwise. On 20 January, Iraq also began firing missiles at Riyadh, one of which hit a temporary US barracks and inflicted the worst Allied casualties of the war.Schwarzkopf formulated a classic military plan of encirclement. While the Iraqis were to have th eir attention fixed to the south and on the coast by the US Marines, his main effort would be to the west of the main Iraqi forward defences, swinging round behind them and straight for the Republican Guard. The aim was to conduct a swift, continuous and violent air-land campaign to destroy the Republican Guard Force Corps while minimising friendly force casualties. Aim is to make Iraqi forces move so that they can be attacked throughout the depth of their formations.After several days of probing and artillery raids, the main ground attack began on 24 February with direct attacks into Kuwait from the south by the US Marines and two Saudi task forces. The next day, the outflanking forces swung into action, the main force being the US VII Corps including the 1st British Armoured Division, while the XVIII Airborne Corps including the French 6th Light Daguet Division swung even wider to protect the left flank. The VII Corps hit its breach area with 60 batteries of artillery and triple Launch Rocket Systems, delivering more explosive power than the Hiroshima atomic bomb.Although Iraq was expected to use CBW, Saddam showed a little belated discretion and refrained, as there were a number of extremely unpleasant options the coalition held in reserve, including retaliation in kind or the destruction of Iraqs extremely vulnerable water-supply system. Late on 25 February he gave the order to withdraw from Kuwait, but the bulk of Iraqi armour was trapped between the Allies closing in from the south and west, and the Gulf and the Euphrates marshes to the east and north.TV pictures of the comprehensively incinerated Iraqi column that had been attempting to flee Kuwait City raised fears of public revulsion and Pres Bush called a halt after only 100 hours of land campaign. There were also geopolitical considerations. Until the invasion, the West had been concerned to maintain a balance of power between Iraq and Iran in the region, and the Arab members of the coalition might have bolted if the land war had been protracted into Iraqi territory. At 08. 00 local time the guns fell silent, andSaddam was to be left with most of the Republican Guard and the freedom to use attack helicopters to crush the rebellions among the Sunni in the south and the Kurds in the north that the coalition had encouraged. Post-war, the extent and sophistication of his weapons development programmes came as a shock, and despite UN inspections and economic sanctions that affect mainly the civilian population, there is very little doubt that he has retained some CBW and possibly also some nuclear weapons.Nonetheless, Kuwaits territorial integrity was restored and most of Saddams larger fangs were pulled. The war could only be considered unsuccessful if the hyperbole about human rights that accompanied it had ever been taken seriously by anyone involved. The first phase was Operation Desert Shielda largely defensive operation in which the United States and Saudi Arabia rush to b uild up the defensive forces necessary to protect Saudi Arabia and the rest of the gulf, and the United Nations attempted to force Iraq to leave Kuwait through the use of economic sanctions.The United States then led the UN effort to create a broad international coalition with the military forces necessary to liberate Kuwait, and persuaded the United Nations to set a deadline of 15 January 1991 for Iraq to leave Kuwait or face the use of force. The second phase, known as Desert Storm, was the battle to liberate Kuwait when Iraq refused to respond to the UN deadline. The fighting began on 17 January 1991 and ended on 1 March 1991. The UN Coalition liberated Kuwait in a little over six weeks, and involved the intensive use of airpower and armored operations, and the use of new military technologies.The Gulf War left Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein in power, but it destroyed nearly all of Iraqs conventional forces and allowed the United Nations to destroy most of Iraqs long? range missiles and chemical weapons and capabilities to develop nuclear weapons. Saddam Hussein nearly certainly saw the seizure and annexation of Kuwait as a means of solving Iraqs economic problems, of greatly increasing Iraqs share of world oil reserves, and as a means of demonstrating that Iraq had become the dominating power in the region. Kuwait was capable of adding at least 2 million barrels a day of oil to Iraqs exports of roughly 3. million, and offered the opportunity to double Iraqs total oil reserves, from 100 billion to 198 billion barrels (representing nearly 20% of the worlds total reserves). Although he continued to negotiate his demands on oil revenues and debt stand-in from the Persian Gulf Arab nations, Saddam Hussein ordered his troops to the Kuwait border in July 1990, create up all of the support capabilities necessary to sustain an invasion, and then ordered his forces to invade on 2 August 1990. Kuwait had not kept its forces on alert, and Iraq met little resistance.I t seized the entire country within less than two days within a week, Iraq stated that it would annex Kuwait as its nineteenth province. Iraqi forces also deployed along Kuwaits border with Saudi Arabia, with more than quintet Iraqi divisions in position to seize Saudi Arabias oil? rich Eastern Province. Saudi Arabia had only two brigades and limited amounts of airpower to oppose them. Saddam Hussein may have felt that the world would accept his invasion of Kuwait or would fail to mount any effective opposition. However, Saudi Arabia and the other gulf states immediately supported the Kuwaiti government? n? exile. The Council of the Arab League voted to condemn Iraq on 3 August and demanded its withdrawal from Kuwait. Key Arab states like Algeria, Egypt, and Syria supported Kuwaitalthough Jordan, Libya, Mauritania, the Sudan, and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) supported Iraq. Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and most other European nations as well as the United States , Canada, and Japan condemned the invasion. U. S. President George Bush announced on 7 August that the United States would send land, air, and naval forces to the gulf.Equally important, the end of the Cold War allowed the United Nations to take firm action under U. S. initiative. On the day of the invasion, the Security Council voted 140 (Resolution 660) to demand Iraqs immediate and unconditional withdrawal from Kuwait. The United States, Britain, and Saudi Arabia led the United Nations in forming a broad military coalition under the leadership of U. S. Army Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf that deployed the military forces necessary to enforce the United Nations sanctions and to defend Saudi Arabia.This was the defensive military operation code? named Desert Shield. On 29 November 1990, the United States obtained a Security Council authorization for the nations allied with Kuwait to use all necessary means if Iraq did not withdraw by 15 January 1991. Key nations like the United States , Britain, France, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and several others began to deploy the additional forces necessary to drive Iraq out of Kuwait. In 199091, the United States deployed a total of 527,000 personnel, over 110 naval vessels, 2,000 tanks, 1,800 fixed? ing aircraft, and 1,700 helicopters. Britain deployed 43,000 troops, 176 tanks, 84 combat aircraft, and a naval task force. France deployed 16,000 troops, 40 tanks, attack helicopters, a light armored division, and combat aircraft. Saudi Arabia deployed 50,000 troops, 280 tanks, and 245 aircraft. Egypt contributed 30,200 troops, 2 armored divisions, and 350 tanks. Syria contributed 14,000 troops and 2 divisions. Other allied nations, including Canada, Italy, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates deployed a significant portion of their small forces.Iraq responded by building up its military forces in the Kuwait theater of operations to a total of 336,000 troops and a total of 43 divisions, 3,475 battle tanks, 3,080 other ar mored vehicles, and 2,475 major artillery weapons. This buildup on both sides made full? scale war steadily more possible and triggered a number of political debates within the West and the Arab world over the need for war. The most important of these debates took place within the United States largely because of President Bushs political leadership, the Congress, after Bush gained UN endorsement, requested such authorization on 8 January 1991.On 12 January the House of Representatives by 250 to 183 and the Senate by 52 to 47 voted to authorize the use of force. Though a number of new efforts were made to persuade Iraq to leave Kuwait in late December and early January, Saddam Hussein refused to withdraw under any mulish conditions. Baghdad also continued to expand its military capabilities in Kuwait and along the Iraqi border with Saudi Arabia, and continued its efforts to convert Kuwait into an Iraqi province. As a result, the UN Security Council voted to ignore provided anothe r effort to negotiate with Iraq.On that date, 15 January 1991, President Bush ordered the military offensive to begin. Desert Storm The Air War The Gulf War began early in the morning on 17 January when the United States exploited its intelligence and targeting assets, cruise missiles, and offensive airpower to launch a devastating serial of air attacks on Iraqi command and control facilities, communications systems, air bases, and land? based air defenses. During the first hour of the war, U. S. sea? launched cruise missiles and F? 117 stealth aircraft demonstrated they could attack even heavily defended targets like Baghdad.Within three days, a mix of U. S. , British, and Saudi fighter aircraft had established near air superiority. In spite of Iraqs air strength, UN air units solidus down a total of thirty? five Iraqi aircraft without a single loss in air? to? air combat. Although Iraq had a land? based air defense system with some 3,000 break through? to? air missiles, the com bined U. S. and British air units were able to use electronic warfare systems, antiradiation missiles, and precision air? to? get up weapons to suppress Iraqs longer? range surface? to? air missiles.As a result, Coalition air forces were able rapidly to broaden their targets from attacks on Iraqs air forces and air defenses to assaults on key headquarters, civil and army communications, electronic power plants, and Iraqs facilities for the production of weapons of mass destruction. Victory in the air was achieved by 24 January, when Iraq ceased to attempt active air combat. A total of 112 Iraqi aircraft fled to Iran, and Iraq virtually ceased to use its ground? based radar to target UN aircraft. This created a safe zone at medium and high altitudes that allowed U. S. nd British air units to launch long? range air? to? surface weapons with impunity. The UN air forces were also able to shift most of their assets to attacks on Iraqi ground forces. For the following thirty days, UN Coa lition aircraft attacked Iraqi armor and artillery in the Kuwaiti theater of operations, as well as flying into Iraq itself to bomb Iraqs forward defenses, elite Republican Guard units, air bases and sheltered aircraft, and Iraqs biological, chemical, and nuclear warfare facilities. Iraqs only ability to retaliate consisted of launching modified surface? to? urface Scud missiles against targets in Saudi Arabia and Israel, which had remained outside the war forty Scud variants against Israel and forty? six against Saudi Arabia. U. S.? made Patriot missiles in Israel shot down some Scuds, but although the United Nations carried out massive Scud hunts that involved thousands of sorties, it never found and destroyed any Scud missiles on the ground, which demonstrated the risks posed by the proliferation of mobile, long? range missiles. Iraqs Scud strikes could not, however, alter the course of the war. Iraqi ground forces were struck by more than 40,000 air attack sorties U.S. governan ce estimated that airpower helped bring about the desertion or capture of 84,000 Iraqi soldiers and destroyed 1,385 Iraqi tanks, 930 other armored vehicles, and 1,155 artillery pieces before the United Nations launched its land offensive. They also estimated that air attacks severely reduced the flow of supplies to Iraqi ground forces in Kuwait and damaged 60 portion of Iraqs major command centers, 70 percent of its military communications, 125 ammunition storage revetments, 48 Iraqi naval vessels, and 75 percent of Iraqs electric powergenerating capability. Desert Storm The Land War The Aftermath of the War